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ANAT242 2022 Module 1 > Lecture 4 - Venous Drainage & Cerebrum > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Venous Drainage & Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the venous drainage of the brain?

A
  • Fine veins (brain)
  • Pial venous plexuses
  • Cerebral veins
  • Dural venus sinuses (also receives blood from
    emissary veins -scalp veins)
  • internal jugular vein
  • heart
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2
Q

Describe the venous sinuses (4)

A

Areas which exist between two layer of dura mater
Receives venous blood and CSF from the brain and scalp
5 sinuses that drain superior & deep structures
1 sinus that drains the inferior structures

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3
Q

What venous sinuses drain superior & deep structures?

A

1) Superior sagittal sinus
2) Inferior sagittal sinus
3) Straight sinus
4) Transverse sinus
5) Sigmoid sinus

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4
Q

Describe the superior sagittal sinus

A

The superior sagittal sinus carries blood back posteriorly and joins the transverse sinus (right). It lies along the superior margin of the falx cerebri and the arachnoid villi drain CSF into it.

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5
Q

Describe the inferior sagittal sinus

A

The inferior sagittal sinus carries blood posteriorly in the brain and joins with the straight sinus. This sinus lies along the inferior margin of the falx cerebri.

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6
Q

Describe the straight sinus

A

The straight sinus is located within the tentorium cerebelli. It receives from the inferior sagittal sinus and then joins with the left transverse sinus.

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7
Q

Describe the transverse sinus?

A

The transverse sinus lies posteriorly in the brain and is continuous with the straight sinus on the left and with the superior sagittal sinus on the right.

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8
Q

Describe the sigmoid sinus

A

The sigmoid sinus is a forward continuation of the transverse sinus and open ups into the internal jugular vein.

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9
Q

What sinus drains inferior structures in the brain?

A

Cavernous Sinus

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10
Q

Describe the cavernous sinus

A

The cavernous sinus is located lateral to the pituitary gland and it is linked with venous channels. From here, the cavernous sinus drains into the superior (transverse sinus) and inferior petrosal (internal jugular) sinuses.

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11
Q

What is the general function of the frontal lobe? (5)

A

The frontal lobe allows for voluntary motor functions and contains areas which are essential for language, planning, mood/personality, social judgement, and smell.

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12
Q

Describe the precentral gyrus

A

Primary (somatic) motor cortex
Allows us to have skilled voluntary movements of skeltal muscle and precise motor control
Motor innervation of the body is contralateral
Each pyramidal neuron projects its axon to the spinal cord

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13
Q

How can the prefrontal gyrus be disrupted or damaged?

A

This area can become damaged from the occlusion of a branch in either the anterior cerebral artery or middle cerebral artery

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14
Q

What happens if the anterior cerebral artery to the precentral gyrus is blocked?

A

If the anterior cerebral artery is blocked, we can have contralateral hemiplegia with greatest effects in the lower limb

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15
Q

What happens if the middle cerebral artery to the precentral gyrus is blocked?

A

If the middle cerebral artery is blocked, we can have contralateral hemiplegia which has severe effects in the upper limb and face.

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16
Q

Describe the premotor cortex (5)

A

Located anteriorly to the precentral gyrus
Made up of supplementary and cingulate motor areas
Receive inputs from many other cortical areas and the thalamus
Controls learned motor skills, coordinating movement, and planning movement
Contribute to the corticospinal tract

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17
Q

What % of axons does the primary motor cortex supply to the corticospinal tract?

A

30%

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18
Q

Where is the supplementary motor area located?

A

Anterior to precentral gyrus

19
Q

What is associated with the supplementary motor area?

A

Speech

20
Q

What happens if our supplementary and cingulate motor areas are damaged?

A

We experience loss of desired skilled movements and speech.

21
Q

What are the major features of the parietal lobe? (7)

A

In the parietal lobe we have the postcentral gyrus, superior and inferior parietal lobules (separated by intraparietal sulcus), supramarginal gyrus, and the angular gyrus.

22
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

At the postcentral gyrus

23
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

The primary somatosensory cortex allows for spatial discrimination and for the receival of sensory information from the contralateral side of the body.

24
Q

Where do we find the somatosensory association cortex?

A

superior parietal lobule

25
Q

What is the role of the somatosensory association cortex?

A

The somatosensory association cortex is responsible for integrating different sensory inputs. This can range from either position of limbs, location of touch or pain, as well as the shape, weight, texture of an object.

26
Q

What happens when the somatosensory association cortex is damaged?

A

When this area is damaged, we would be unable to recognise objects without looking at them.

27
Q

What makes up the occipital lobe?

A

In the occipital lobe we have the calcarine sulcus and the primary visual cortex (a gyri the forms the wall of the calcarine sulcus).

28
Q

What is the function of the visual association area?

A

The visual association area communicates with the primary visual cortex to interpret visual stimuli.

29
Q

What structures make up the temporal lobe? (13)

A

In the temporal lobe we have the superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri which are separated by the superior and inferior temporal sulci. We also have the uncus (amygdala), rhinal sulcus, parahippocampal gyrus, collateral sulcus, occipitotemporal sulcus, hippocampus, fornix, and septum pellucidum.

30
Q

Where is the insula located?

A

The insula is located within the lateral sulcus and forms part of its floor. It is covered by portions of the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes.

31
Q

What are the supposed functions of the insula? (4)

A

The exact function is unknown but it is thought to have roles in emotion, homeostasis, cognition, and perception (self-aware).

32
Q

Where is the Broca’s area?

A

The inferior frontal gyrus

33
Q

What is Broca’s area made of?

A

Broca’s area is made up of the opercula and triangular.

34
Q

What is the function of the Broca’s area?

A

The Broca’s area generates motor program for the larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips involved in speech production.

35
Q

What happens if Broca’s area is damaged?

A

When the Broca’s area is damaged, individuals experience nonfluent aphasia. This means that speech is slowed and there is a difficultly in choosing words.

36
Q

What hemisphere is Broca’s area ususally located in?

A

The left

37
Q

What is Wernicke’s Area?

A

Wernicke’s area is the sensory language area of the brain.

It makes up the auditory association cortex.

38
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

The posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus

39
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Wernicke’s area permits the recognition of spoken and written langue and creates plan of speech.

40
Q

What happens if Wernicke’s area became damaged?

A

When damaged, individuals experience fluent aphasia. This means that speech is normal and excessive but makes little sense. Individuals with aphasia also have no understanding of the meaning of words nor able to repeat them.

41
Q

What is the general function of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensory reception and integration of sensory information

42
Q

What is the general function of the occipital lobe?

A

To act as visual centre of the brain

43
Q

What is the general function of the temporal lobe? (5)

A 
Hearing
Smell
Learning
Memory
Emotional behaviour

ANAT242 2022 Module 1 (7 decks)

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