Lecture 4 - Types of Fruit Flashcards
Classification of Fruit
The ovary of a flower becomes the pericarp.
Composed of one or all of the following:
exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.
Fruit taxonomy is based on morphological features such as the consistency of the pericarp-dry and hard or soft and fleshy.
Types of Fruit: Simple Fleshy
- berry
- drupe
- pomes
- pepo
- hesperidium
Types of Fruit: Simple Dry Dehiscent
- legume
- follicle
- capsule
- silique
- schizocarp
Types of Fruit: Simple Dry InDehiscent
- achene
- samara
- caryopsis
- nut
What are the two other types of fruit than SIMPLE?
Aggregate Fruit & Multiple Fruit
Dry Dehiscent Fruit
Dehiscent fruit are dry at maturity and usually contain several - to - numerous - seeds.
Dehiscent fruits break open and release seeds at maturity.
Dry Dehiscent Fruit: Legume
The legume fruit is only found in the legume family.
A legume develops from a SUPERIOIR ovary that contain a single carpel (monocarpellate).
At maturity, the fruit wall (pericarp) is dry and brown, and the seeds are dehisced. However, most of us are more familliar with the immature fruit. Green beans are picked at a very early stage, before the seeds have developes.
In legume, fruits break open on BOTH SIDES to release the seeds.
Dry Dehiscent Fruit: Follicles
A follicle is a dry fruit from a SUPERIOR ovary of a single carpel (apocarpous) but splits only on ONE SIDE to release the seeds
Dry Dehiscent Fruit: Caspules
A capsule fruit is derived from either superior or inferior ovary and composed of two or more carpels (syncarpous).
The capsule is the most common dehiscent, simple dry fruit.
The capsule wall is dry and sclerified.
OPEN IN MANY WAYS.
Dry Dehiscent Fruit: Silique
A silique fruit is a simple, dry, dehiscent, syncarpous gynoecium restricted to the mustard family.
Silique dehisce along two lines.
Dry Dehiscent Fruit: Schizocarp
The compound ovary breaks into individual carpels.
Dry Indehiscent fruits
Indeshicent fruit do not open at maturity to release seeds.
Typically single-seeded. The entire dry ovary abscise as a unit.
Develop from a single carpel or multiple carpels (apocarpous).
Pericarp resembles the seed coat in structure, and the fruit themselves are commonly called “seeds” even though terminology incorrect.
Dry Indehiscent fruits: Achene
An achene developes from a single carpel, or a single flower.
The seed remains attached via funiculus to the pericarp.
Dry Indehiscent fruits: Caryopsis
Develops from a single carpel- the pericarp and the integuments are completely fused.
e.g. corn
Dry Indehiscent fruits: Samara
Similar to achene, but with winglike outgrowth of the pericarp that assists in wind-borne seed dispersal.
Dry Indehiscent fruits: Nuts
Nuts develop from several carpel.
The pericarp is hard and stony, commonly called a nut.
e.g. walnut
Fleshy Fruits
Are characterized by the expansion of parenchyma cells in the pericarp during fruit development and their differentiation into photosynthetic or storage tissue.
Thin-walled and highly vacuolated parenchyma cells predominate in the pericarp of fleshy fruits.
They are all indehiscent. Many green fleshy fruits are capable of significant rates of photosynthesis.
The fleshy portion of the fruit attracts frugivores, animals that eat fruit and serve solely in seed dispersal.
Fleshy Fruit: BERRY
Berries possess numerous small seeds within each locule.
All the ground tissue (meso and endo) of the ovary wall expands into fleshy or juicy tissue, and the outer layer or skin is usually the exocarp.
e.g. tomato. blueberries
The seed becomes mucilaginous due to slime secreted by the epidermal layers as well as from the placenta - to avoid being damaged by grinding teeth.
Fleshy Fruit: Drupes
A drupe is a single-seeded fruit derived from a single carpel.
The drupe is also called a stone fruit because it has a thick and hard endocarp consisting of stone cells, a fleshy mesocarp, and a thin “skin” or exocarp.
Examples include olives, coconuts, peaches, cherries, nectarines, almonds and plums.
Fleshy Fruits: POME
A pome is a multiple-seeded fruit derived from an inferior ovary of five carpels.
The bulk of the fruit is not derived from the pericarp. It derived from the fusion of the bases of the perianth segments (petals and sepals), and tissue from the receptacle.
In the pome, the thickened, fleshy part is fused with the ovary wall or core.
Since the fruit contains tissue not derived from the pericarp, it is called an accessory fruit.
Fleshy Fruits: PEPO
A fleshy fruit in which the exocarp is tough, hard rind; the inner soft tissues may not be differentiated into two distinct layers.
e.g. pumpkin, squash, cantaloupe
Fleshy Fruits: HESPERIDIUM
Is a multiple-seeded fruit derived from a superior ovary of about ten carpels. The exocarp, is a brightly colored rind and leathery.
The white spongy tissue underneath the rind is the mesocarp. This tissue appears white because of numerous air spaces.
E.g. the citrus family
Aggregate Fruits
Formed from an apocarpous gynoecium in which each carpel remains distinct -ie they are not fused. Each ovary contains a single seed.
The receptacle enlarges and becomes fleshy. Examples of aggregate fruit include strawberries (achene), raspberry (drupes). Such fruits may be aggregates of dry indehiscent, dry dehiscent, or fleshy fruits.
Multiple Fruits
Multiple fruits are derived from an inflorescence.
Individual fruits grow together during fruit maturation.
e.g. pineapple (each fruit is an accessory fruit)
