Lecture 4: Tropical forest structure and dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Key Structural characteristics of Tropical Forest Types

A
  • Want to know what type/forest it is and what stage of succession forests are
    o Because any of these forest types can be disturbed by disturbances
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2
Q

Secondary Forests

A
  • Any of those types of forests (from table in previous slide) can be cleared and starting to regenerate
  • Are large areas of secondary forests in tropics
  • Often very close to where people are traveling
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3
Q

Large Increases in Secondary Degraded Tropical Forests

A
  • Remote green areas in western Amazon = where there is primary forest left
  • But most accessible areas are already secondary forests or completely cleared
  • Even in largest blocks of tropical forest in world will see more secondary forest
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4
Q

Disturbance and succession

A
  • Disturbance = removal of vegetation by natural or human means
    o EX: Fire, windthrow
  • Succession = recovery of system after disturbance
    o Emphasis on species composition changes
    o Changes in vegetation structure
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5
Q

Changes in species composition and structure following disturbance

A
  • Often have set of species that dominate after disturbance
  • Completely different set of species that come in late after succession
  • This results in change in forest structure over time:
    o Immediately after disturbance have things growing (small statured seedlings and saplings)
  • 4-stage categorization:
    o (1) Stand initiation stage
    o (2) Stem exclusion stage
     Canopy closed
     Dominance by some plants
     Then density dependence and exclusion
    o (3) Understory reinitiation
     More trees dying off
     Light getting into forest
    o (4) Old Growth
     Trees completing lifecycle and forming gaps in forest that then are colonized
     = Gap-phase dynamics
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6
Q

Characteristics of secondary forests

A
  • Species that can grow rapidly (if they have lots of light)
  • But tend to have much lower biodiversity than primary forests
    o Small amount of tree species
    o But some species that are really specialized on secondary forests
     EX: Red-tailed monkeys common in secondary forests
  • Can also be good habitat for large mammals
    o Elephants (if not hunted)
  • Dominance by early-successional “pioneer” species
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7
Q

Often easy to distinguish primary from secondary forces by canopy structure

A
  • Smooth canopy layer in secondary forest
  • Especially at stem exclusion stage
  • Aerial photo: Similar views all over forest
  • Recognize primary forest in the back:
    o Broccoli structure with some gaps
    o Lumpy
    o More heterogeneous
  • Secondary forest more smooth
    o Fewer species in primary forest
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8
Q

Arrested Succession

A
  • Things can go awry
  • Certain species take over and prevent further regeneration
  • Most extreme example:
    o In SE Asia: Non-native grass (Imperata) forms dense mats and is fire-promoting
    o During dry season, these stands burn off
    o Hot fire sweeps through
    o Management nightmare
    o Monoculture of imperata
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9
Q

Tropical forest gaps: signature feature of primary (old-growth) forests

A
  • Gaps more frequent in old-growth forests

- When a tree falls in the forest creates a gap

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10
Q

Anatomy of a Gap

A
  • Trees fall over because of
    o Root disease
    o Or wind-throw
  • Often tree completely uprooted
  • Get tip-up mound and pit formed
    o Pit contains exposed mineral soil (low nutrient status)
    o Crown of tree
     Most of nutrients of tree are in crown and nutrients have been displaced
     Now nutrients are where the crown is may 40 m away
    o Mound at root ball
  • Characteristic type of disturbance
  • = complicated mess with particular structure
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11
Q

Gaps more important in tropics

A
  • Gaps prevalent in any forest
  • But more important as structural element in tropics b/c sunlight can be directly overhead
  • In temperate, often have sun coming in at maximum angle (temperate)
    o So unlikely to have full direct sun in middle of day
  • Whereas in forest, will have sunlight directly above
    o = more light and stronger signal
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12
Q

Tip-up mound

A
  • Formed by trees uprooting
  • Results:
    o Get tip-up mound w/ distinct microhabitats
    o Exposure and mixing of mineral soil
    o Over time have tip-up mounds forming, get pit-mound topography
     = lumps and troughs through forest
     Legacies of individual tree death
  • Secondary forests (recovered from agriculture) where there haven’t been trees in long time will be
    level
  • But primary forests will have uneven forest floor topography
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13
Q

Gap phase dynamics

A
  • In primary forest have gap-phase dynamics
    o Young gaps that are bigger then get closed up
    o Idealized structure could be over-simplified
  • Remote-sensing map
    o Completely open areas down to forest floor are red
    o But all gaps are heterogeneous
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14
Q

Characteristics of secondary and primary tropical forests

A
- Primary forest
o Forest that’s never been logged
o High Basal area
 Area of stem per area of ground is high
 Because have large trees/large stem diameters
o Large seeds, animal dispersed
o Have really big lianas
o Epiphytes
 Takes time for them to be deposited
o Presence of downed-woody debris
o Pioneer species present maybe in gaps
- Secondary forest
o Forest with small trees = secondary
o Small seeds
o Typically have non-woody vines
 Have smaller lianas
o Less epiphytes here
o Not much downed-woody debris
o Pioneers dominant in forest
- General diagnostic trees
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15
Q

Secondary or old-growth?

A
  • A lot of pretty small trees
  • No big lianas
  • Many seem like similar species
  • So probably secondary
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16
Q

Secondary or old-growth

A
  • Old-growth
  • Huge lianas
  • Big gap
  • Pit and mound topography
17
Q

Secondary or old-growth

A
  • Secondary
  • Cecropia
  • Convergent evolution:
    o Trees look like cecropia in SE Asia and Africa
18
Q

Secondary or old-growth

A

both

19
Q

Secondary or old-growth

A
  • This is an edge

- Old-growth

20
Q

What organisms need primary forest (and why?)

A
  • Pasoh in SE Asia:
    o Look at many different kinds of organisms
    o Which species dependent on old-growth forests:
     Fruit bats
     Woodpeckers
     Giant gecko
  • All need structures associated with big old trees
    o Cavities
    o Old dead trees
21
Q

Applied Tropical Succession: Restoring peat swamp forests

A
  • Restoration of peat swamp
  • Characteristic peat swamp organisms
  • Threats to peat swamp:
    o Land-clearing for shrimp farms
22
Q

Peat Swamp Forests

A
  • Peat fires that get started
    o Happen if peat swamp converted to oil palm
    o Problems with air quality in Singapore
    o Carbon emissions had been on par with global carbon emissions
  • Project:
    o 1 hour north of Kuala Lumpar
    o Degraded area got turned over to an NGO to try to put peat swamp forest back
23
Q

Putting succession to work: Swamp forest restoration

A
  • Need to work with local people

- Raja Musa peat swamp restoration project in Malaysia

24
Q

Raja Musa Swamp Forest, Malaysia

A
  • Gigantic area of degraded forest
  • Forest peat and forest as whole = sponge as water
  • One of largest rice growing places is downstream of peat swamp
  • If cleared peat swamp forest wouldn’t have water available
  • Important for local community
25
Q

Forest Restoration Steps

A
- Seed collection/germination/propagation
o Need native species
- Closure of drainage canals
o Things to bring back up water table
- Trial plantings
o Get rid of oil palms and get back other species
- Community outreach and education
- Planting day coordination
26
Q

Major Challenges for Restoration

A
  • Involve local community/public outreach and education
  • Initially tried to plant some valuable timber trees that would be present in primary forest
  • Didn’t work
    o Not adapted to open-site conditions
    o Need to find species that can deal with environment/open conditions
  • Need to maintain water table