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Marine Biology > Lecture 4 - Secondary Production > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Secondary Production Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the 8 groups of marine invertebrates.

A
  • Porifera
  • Cnidaria
  • Ctenophora
  • Polychaeta
  • Mollusca
  • Echinodermata
  • Crustaceans
  • Hemichordata
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2
Q

What is secondary production?

A

The production of biomass by all heterotrophs.

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3
Q

Give the two components of secondary production.

A
  • Somatic; gaining weight, the production of tissues.

- Gonad; the production of reproductive tissue such as sperm or eggs.

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4
Q

Give the four food web functional groups in order.

A

1) Primary producers
2) Grazers
3) Suspension feeders
4) Predators

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5
Q

Where are grazers most likely seen?

A

In benthic environments

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6
Q

What are suspension feeders?

A

Organisms that collect particulate matter.

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7
Q

What are suspension feeders on the same trophic level as?

A

Grazers

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8
Q

Who showed that marine food webs are very complex networks, with many more connections than freshwater or terrestrial systems?

A

Link et al (2002)

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9
Q

Who came up with a definition for functional trophic levels?

A

Pauly and Palomares (2005)

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10
Q

Give three ecosystems where sea urchins can be found.

A
  • Rocky shores
  • Kelp forests
  • Tropical reefs
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11
Q

How do sea urchins feed?

A

Using Aristotle’s lantern, 5 bony teeth, to scrape algae from rocks.

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12
Q

Give an example of how sea urchins can change an ecosystem.

A

Monterey Bay, California - sea otters hunted and could not eat sea urchins, so sea urchins decimated the kelp forest.

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13
Q

What can be the result of no sea urchins?

Give an example.

A

Algae overgrows other species due to lack of grazing.

Example: Caribbean 1983, urchins wiped out by disease. Algae overgrew coral reefs, leading to algal-dominated reefs.

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14
Q

What is Patella vulgata?

A

The common limpet

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15
Q

Describe how Patella vulgata feeds.

A

By scraping algae off of rocks using a radula.

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16
Q

What is the strongest biological material ever tested?

A

Limpet teeth

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17
Q

What are limpet teeth composed of?

A

Geophyte

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18
Q

What is special about the radula for each group?

A

Each group of gastropods (slugs and snails) has its own specialised form of radula depending on its specific feeding mechanisms.

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19
Q

Name and describe the radula structure found in limpets.

A

Docoglossan.

Teeth stick up.

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20
Q

Name and describe the radula structure found in whelks.

A

Stenoglossan.

An adapted form of radula alike a harpoon that injects poison.

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21
Q

What is the meaning of the word zooplankton?

A

Animal drifter

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22
Q

Give the size of micro-zooplankton.

A

20-200 micrometers

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23
Q

Why are micro-zooplanktons such an understudied group?

A

Sampling nets destroy them.

24
Q

Give some examples of micro-zooplankton.

A

1) Phagotrophic protists, e.g. flagellates, dinoflagellates, ciliates, radiolarians, foraminiferans.
2) Metazoans, e.g. copepod nauplii, rotifers and meroplanktonic larvae.

25
Q

What are copepods?

A

Pelagic grazers from the sub-phylum Crustacean.

26
Q

What two organisms are likely to be the biggest group of organisms on the planet.

A

Either

  • Copepods
  • Krill
27
Q

How big are the largest copepods? Where are they found?

A

7mm.

Found in the Arctic.

28
Q

How large is the average copepod?

A

1-2mm

29
Q

What is likely to be the biggest contributor to secondary production in the world?

A

Copepods

30
Q

What is the biggest Genus of copepod?

A

Calinus

31
Q

What is diel vertical migration?

A

Zooplankton species migrate away from food-rich surface waters during the day to avoid visual predators, then swim to the surface at night.

32
Q

Why is diel vertical migration of zooplankton so important?

A

They do most of their defecating in deeper waters, shunting carbon 100s of metres below the surface, then surface waters can take up more carbon.

33
Q

Describe pteropods.

A

Pelagic grazers that feed by forming mucus webs, entangling planktonic food.

34
Q

Why are pteropods under threat currently?

A

Due to ocean acidification.

Vulnerable to changes in aragonite saturation state.

35
Q

Classify krill.

A

Small crustaceans, from the order Euphausiacea

36
Q

What is the estimated biomass of drill in the Southern Ocean?

A

500 million tonnes

37
Q

What do krill eat?

A
  • Phytoplankton

- Copepods

38
Q

How do krill feed?

A

Using comb-like appendages on their legs

39
Q

Classify bivalves.

A

Phylum Mollusca, Class Bivalvia

40
Q

What organisms are bivalves?

A

Mussels, oysters, cockles

41
Q

What are the only molluscs without a radula?

A

Bivalves

42
Q

How do bivalves feed?

A

Suspension feeding - suck water in and pass it over their gills, extracting particles using labial pulps over the gill structure.

43
Q

What are bivalves important in?

A

Benthic-pelagic coupling. Links the two environments, as it can draw food down from the water column above to the benthic environment.

44
Q

What is pseudofaeces?

A

Formed when a suspension feeder rejects particles that have not yet gone through the digestive system.

45
Q

Classify barnacles.

A

Sub-phylum crustaceans, class Maxillopoda, Infraclass Cirripedia

46
Q

Describe barnacles.

A
  • Filter feeders
  • Wave ‘legs’, called cirri, in air
  • Plates on upper surface open to allow cirri to come out
47
Q

Classify sessile polychaetes.

A

Phylum Annelida, Class Polychaeta

48
Q

Describe sessile polychaetes.

A

Stuck to rocks, use feathery appendages to capture particles in seawater.
Have chaetae, modified bristles, in each segment.
Can regrow tails.

49
Q

Give and describe two sessile polychaetes.

A
  • Spirobranchius (christmas tree worm); captures particles from water and draws down to the gut.
  • Lugworm; alike an Earthworm, lives in the sand. Feeds on detritus and converts it to more complex forms of carbon.
50
Q

What is detritus?

A

The remains of dead plants, animals or decal pellets colonised by bacteria.

51
Q

Give an important deposit feeder in tropical environments.

A

Sea cucumbers

52
Q

Describe deposit wedding by lugworms.

A
  • Lives in a burrow
  • Draws current in from one end by pumping its body
  • Water and sand moves together, drawing water over gills and ingesting sand.
  • Digest organic material such as microorganisms and detritus present in sediment, using strong gut enzymes that strip organic matter off of the sand.
53
Q

Describe Bobbit worms.

A 
Benthic predators.
Polychaetes.
Omnivorous.
Launch themselves out of sediment and consume anything above them.
Can grow up to 3m long.
54
Q

The more links in the food web…

A

The less energy available to support top predators.

55
Q

Give the range of energy transfer that varies with species.

A

10%-60%

56
Q

What can be used to measure secondary production?

A
  • A production/biomass ratio

- Stable isotope (carbon and nitrogen) analysis

57
Q

In what kind of organisms is production/biomass ratio higher?

A

In small organisms

Marine Biology (19 decks)

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