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DIGESTIVE > LECTURE 4 - salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach microanatomy > Flashcards

LECTURE 4 - salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach microanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

where is the myenteric nerve plexus found

A

between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of muscularis externa

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2
Q

what movement does the myenteric nerve plexus help with

A

peristalsis

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3
Q

where is the submucosal plexus found

A

in the submucosa

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4
Q

what is the function of the submucosal plexus

A

helps control movement and function of the mucosa eg stimulating muscularis mucosae to contract

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5
Q

what are 2 types additional folds which increase the SA in the digestive system

A

transient eg rugae of stomach

permanent eg plicae circularis of SI

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6
Q

which nervous system controls the myenteric and submucosal plexuses

A

ENS which is controlled by the ANS

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7
Q

how does the eplithelium of the mucosa receive oxygen and nutrients

A

by diffusing from BV in the lamina propria

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8
Q

what are the 3 functions of the epithelium in the mucosa

A

protection
secretion
absorption

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9
Q

what are the 3 sublayers of the mucosa

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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10
Q

what is the structure of the lamina propria

A

made of CT fibres and loose areolar CT

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11
Q

what is the function of the lamina propria

A

functional support- packed with bv, nerves to support teh functions of the epithelium

structural support-

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12
Q

what is the function of the muscularis mucosae

A

provides movmenent to the mucosa independent of peritalsis

= squeezes glands to move secretions

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13
Q

what marks the boundary between the mucosa and the submucosa

A

the muscularis mucosae

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14
Q

what is the muscularis mucoase made out of

A

only made up of smooth muscle

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15
Q

what controls the muscularis mucosae

A

the eneteric nervous system which is under control of teh autonomic ns

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16
Q

what is the function of the submucosa

A

same as lamina propria

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17
Q

what is the structure of the musclaris externa

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal

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18
Q

function of muscularis externa

A

coordinated contraction of these 2 generates peristalsis

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19
Q

where do you find serosa vs adventita

A

serosa- when the structure is in contact with space

adventita- when structure is next to adjacent structure

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20
Q

what is the serosa

A

visceral peritoneum

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21
Q

what is adventita

A

ct between 2 adjacent structures

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22
Q

what are intraperitoneal organs covered in

A

serosa ie visceral peritoneum- lined with a single layer of squamous mesothelium

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23
Q

what are retroperitoneal organs covered in

A

have serosa / visceral peritoneum on anterior surface only and have adventita on their posterior srface

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24
Q

what are the 3 main types of salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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25
Q

which salivary glands have a serous secretion

A

parotid

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26
Q

which salivary glands have a mixed secretion

A

submandibular

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27
Q

which salivary glands have a mucus secretion

A

sublingual

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28
Q

which salivary glands have a dark sttain

A

parotid glands- have a watery secrtion (have serous cells)

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29
Q

what gives these salivary glands their dark stain

A

zymogen granules in the cytoplasm

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30
Q

what do zymogen granules in the serous cells do

A

contain amylase which breaks down carboyhdrates

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31
Q

where are myoepithelial cells found

A

on the periphery of serous acinus and mucous acinus

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32
Q

what is the function of myoepithelial cells

A

contract and squeeze acinar secretions into the lumen and facilitate the release of secrtions

33
Q

where are the nuclei located in individual serous cells

A

located centrally

34
Q

which salivary glands have a light stain

A

sublingual glands (mucus cells)

35
Q

why are sublingual glands paile staining

A

because mucus granules do’t pick up dyes

36
Q

where are the nuclei in mucous acinus

A

peripheral and flattened due to mucus granules

37
Q

what type of ducts are striated ducts

A

interlobular

38
Q

why do striated ducts look striated>

A

they have mitochondria aligned in columns

39
Q

function of striated ducts

A

extract Na+ and Cl- from secretions passing over and by metabolism generate bicarbonate HCO3- and K+ ie an exchange occurs

40
Q

what is the function of HCO3-

A

regulates balance by neutralising acid secrtions

41
Q

hierarchy starting from submandibular duct

A

subandibular duct- interlobular duct- intralobular duct

42
Q

3 functions of saliva

A

lubrication, protection, digestion

43
Q

function of carbohydrate rich glycoproteins (mucins) in saliva

A

lubrication and protection (bacterial adhesion)

44
Q

function of bicarbonate ions in saliva

A

protect against bacterial secretions and neutralise acidic vomit

45
Q

function of lysozyme in saliva

A

break down bacterial cell walls

46
Q

function of lactoferrin in saliva

A

targets iron dependent bacteria

47
Q

function of immunoglobulin A in saliva

A

fights bacteria and viruses

48
Q

function of amylase in saliva

A

breaks down carbs

49
Q

function of lipase in saliva

A

breaks down fats

50
Q

function of haptocorrin in saliva

A

vitamin B12- protects Vit B12 from acidic environment of stomach

51
Q

which nervous system controls salivary secretion

A

the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

52
Q

when does salivary secretion increase

A

when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated
sight and thought of food
nausea

53
Q

when does salivary secretion decrease

A 
when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated 
fatigue
sleep
fear
dehydration
exercise
54
Q

what does the Parasymp NS do to increase salivary secretion

A

accelerates secretion resulting in producing large amounts of watery saliva
myoepithelial cells contract
increased blood flow

55
Q

what does the symp ns do to decrease salivary secretion

A

secretion of a small volume of viscous saliva containing high enzyme concentrations, reduced volume produces the sensation of a dry mouth
blood vessels constricted

56
Q

what state is the oesophagus normally in

A

normally collapsed with folds of mucosa when empty and only expands when bolus or water moves through

57
Q

epithelium of oesophagus

A

thick sacrificial stratified squamous epithelium (non- keratinised by contains a small amount of keratinohyalin granules)

58
Q

how does the epithelium change when it moves into the stomach

A

transitions into simple columnar/cuboidal as it approaches the stomach

59
Q

how is the muscularis mucosae different in the oesophagus

A

absent/rare near the upper oesophagus but developed near the stomach

60
Q

function of the muscularis mucosae in the oesophagus

A

permits independent movement and folding of the mucosa aiding digestion and absorption

61
Q

how does the muscularis externa of the oesophagus differ

A

skeletal muscle is present in the pharyngeal end

however at the gastric end there is only smooth muscle

62
Q

describe the process of peristalsis

A

contraction of circular muscles behind bolus
contraction of longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus
contraction in circular muscle laer forces bolus forward

63
Q

what are the 4 key regions of the stomach

A

fundus, body, pylorus, cardia

64
Q

function of stomach

A

storage tank
digestion= sterilisation, sercretion, digestion
absorption

65
Q

where in the stomach are the parietal glands found

A

in the body and fundus of the stomach

66
Q

what do parietal glands secrete

A

HCl
intrinsic factor
pepsinogen
somatostatin

67
Q

which areas of the stomach mainly have mucus secretions

A

cardia and pylorus (beginning and end)

68
Q

what do pyloric glands secrete

A

pepsinogen
mucus
gastrin
somatostatin

69
Q

how does the muscularis externus differ in the stomach

A

has an extra innermost oblique layer which allows churning in 3D

70
Q

functional of simple columnar mucus cells

A

protective

71
Q

what are the 4 ways in which the simple columnar mucus cells are protective

A
  1. mucus coat (secreted by mucus granules)
  2. secrete insoluble alkaline mucus
  3. phospholipid enrichment
  4. high turnover of cells
72
Q

what do mucus neck cells secrete

A

soluble acidic glycoproteins

73
Q

what do simple columnar mucus cells secrete

A

insoluble alkaline/neutral glycoproteins which form a protective mucus bicarbonate

74
Q

what do parietal cells secret

A

intrinsic factor

hcl

75
Q

what does the HCl secreted by parietal cells do to pepsinogen

A

acttivates it converting it to pepsinogen

76
Q

which cell secretes pepsinogen

A

chief cells

77
Q

what does pepsin do

A

break down proteins to amino acids

78
Q

enteroendocrine 3 cells

A

G cells - gastrin
ECL cells- histamine
D cells - somatostatin

DIGESTIVE (6 decks)

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