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Pharmacy201 > Lecture 4 Intro To External Preparations > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Intro To External Preparations Flashcards

0
Q

List some internal extemporaneously compounded products

A 
Solutions
Suspensions
Emulsions
Suppositories
Capsules
Mouthwash
Ear drops
Diluted powders
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1
Q

What are the two types of extemporaneously compounded products?

A

Internal and external

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2
Q

List the external extemporaneously compounded products

A 
Creams
Ointments
Gels
Paints
Pastes
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3
Q

What type of products are internal but can sometimes be used externally?

A

Suspensions and solutions

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4
Q

What are the types of skin preparation and their examples?

A

Solids- dusting powders for drying, lubrication, antimicrobial use. These are usually premade and can just be purchased from the pharmacy

Liquids- aqueous, alcoholic, oily solutions, suspensions emulsions for applications, colloidions, liniments, lotions, paints, shampoos, tinctures

Semi-solids: ointments, creams, pastes and gels. We make these the most, as well as paints and applications.

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5
Q

What are the types of semi solid skin preparations?

A

Ointments, creams, pastes, gels

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6
Q

What are ointments?

A

Oily vehicles with surfactant so it can be washed off easily

Used as emollients (soften tissues) for drug delivery to the surface or deeper penetration into skin

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7
Q

What are creams ?

A

Usually oil/water emulsions(oily creams- without emulsions)
These are less greasy than ointments used for drug deliver onto or on skin.

They have a high water content so a preservative is required

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8
Q

What are pastes ?

A

High concentration of added solids. Makes them thick and localises drug delivery e.g. Sun block

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9
Q

What are gels?

A

Usually aqueous gels for lubrication or drug application to the skin. Oily gels used for occlusion (excludes air, retains moisture, heat, body fluids and medicaments)

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10
Q

What are the three layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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11
Q

What are some conditions affecting the epidermis?

A

Psoriasis, eczema, scabies

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12
Q

What conditions are associated with the dermis layer

A

Allergic conditions, inflammatory conditions

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13
Q

What are the conditions associated with hypodermis?

A

Acne, alopoecia

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14
Q

What is the pathway of medication via skin application?

A

Passes stratum corneum, hair follicles, sweat glands.

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15
Q

What happens if the medication is lipid soluble?

A

It can be absorbed and enter lipid regions

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16
Q

What happens if the medication is water soluble?

A

It can enter blood capillaries

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17
Q

What happens if absorption results?

A

Toxicology can result

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18
Q

How can skin treatment be administrated?

A

1) by drugs

2) by creating physiological changes

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19
Q

How much moisture is in normal skin?

A

10-25%

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20
Q

How can evaporation be used to treat skin inflammation?

A

Medication can dilate capillaries to increase cooling to treat inflammation

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21
Q

What is eczema?

A

Lack of moisture

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22
Q

How is eczema treated?

A

Use occlusive oily product as emollient ointment to hydrate and soften the skin

23
Q

What is athletes foot?

A

Too much moisture

24
Q

How is athletes foot treated?

A

By astringent, non oily medicated cream

25
Q

What are the basic foundational ingredients used in skin preparations?

A

Water miscible vehicles and oily vehicles

26
Q

What are the water miscible vehicles used in skin preparations?

A

Water
Alcohol (industrial denatured alcohol)
Macro goals with properties ranging from liquid, semi solid to waxy solids

27
Q

What are oily vehicle ingredients used in skin preparations?

A 
Mineral oils (paraffins)- soft paraffin
Vegetable oils (castor, oil, peanut and coconut oils) these are occlusive, skin penetration and may cause allergic reactions 
Synthetic oils these are water repellant and occlusive
28
Q

What are the three types of emulsifying agents?

A

Oil/water
Water/l
Other

29
Q

What is in oil/water emulsifying agents

A

Emulsifying waxes, mix with oily materials, add water to for, a cream, easily washed off skin

30
Q

What are in water/oil emulsifying agents?

A

Wool fat, wool alcohol, beeswax, increase water holding capacity of greasy bases

31
Q

What are other emulsifying agents?

A

Calcium soaps form water oil emulsions
Soft soap oil water emulsion
Synthetic low hydrolipid balance water oil emulsion
Synthetic high hydrolipid oil water emulsion

33
Q

What are suspending agents used for?

A

Suspending solids in a lotion or to produce gels

34
Q

what are some other common ingredients in extemporaneous compounding?

A

wetting agents
humectants
solids
preservatives

35
Q

what are wetting agents used for?

A

hydrophobic solids - tinct of quillaia

36
Q

what are humectants used for?

A

reduces the rate of water loss from a cream and gel

e.g. propylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol syrup

37
Q

what are solids used for?

A

added to a semi solid occlusive base to reduce occlusiveness e.g. zinc oxide, talc, starch

38
Q

what are preservatives used for?

A

to prevent microbial growth, used for compounds with water

39
Q

How do you dispense dusting powders?

A

mix in mortar with pestle using double up technique. sometimes sieving may be necessary

40
Q

how do you dispense semi-solid preparations?

A

by mixing by fusion

and mixing by trituration

41
Q

how do you mix by fusion?

A

melt ingredients in evaporating dish in a water bath of 60-70degrees

grate and melt the waxy solids first

when melted remove from heat, stir gently to avoid air bubbles until cold

medicament is added at different stages according to solubility and stability

prepare 10% excess as all of the product may not be recovered

42
Q

what are ointments?

A

semi-solid preparations which may contain a medicament or mixture of medicaments dissolved or dispersed in a suitable greasy base

43
Q

what are ointments used as?

A

emollients, protective preparations on the skin,

for local application of medicaments

44
Q

what are creams?

A

emulsified semi-solid preparations containing oil, water and an emulsifying agent intended for application to the skin.

-susceptible to microbial growth, so require preservatives and thorough cleanliness when making them

45
Q

what are the different types of creams and their uses?

A

aqueous creams (water miscible) - these are used to effectively deliver medicaments to the body surface

oily creams (oil miscible) used as a protective and emollient cream

surface active agents: these can be cationic (+) anionic (-) or non ionic

46
Q

why do we nee to understand the different types of creams?

A

because the ingredients you add to a cream should be compatible to avoid a reaction

47
Q

what are some important things to remember when compounding creams?

A

dilute by trituration. need to be aware of incompatibilities.
when you dilute creams and add other ingredients you may compromise the preservative soe the shelf life is reduced.

the choice of diluent (important for storage)

method of storage,

compounded on a glass slab using doubling up technique, seiving, do you need to make an excess?

48
Q

how do you compound creams by fusion?

A

heat waxes and oils separately to the water. then dissolve the water soluble ingredients. maintain the temperature at 60-70degrees

incorporate insoluble ingredients on a glass slab by trituration

grate waxes if necessary. add oils last

add water to oil at same temperature

cool slowly with stirring

49
Q

what is aqueous cream?

A

oil/water cream

light emollient used to soothe smooth and hydrtate the skin and are indicated for all dry or scaling disorders

needs to be applied frequently

can be used as a soap substitute

50
Q

Why is aqueous cream used?

A

It is the most widely prescribed emollient for the treatment of dry skin conditions and is often the first line of treatment for patients with eczema

51
Q

What are some disadvantages with using aqueous cream?

A

Recent studies suggest aqueous cream can damage the skin barrier when used as a leave on emollient, so it is now used as a soap substitute

52
Q

Why are soap and surfactants like sodium lauryl sulphate not recommended in eczema patients?

A

They have been identified as negative environmental factors

53
Q

How is aqueous cream made?

A

Use two crucibles on the water bath
Place the ingredients for the emulsifying ointment in one
Place water, glycerol and the preservative in the other

When both crucibles are at the same temperature, add water solution to the oil solution in a tared beaker

Make up to the required 100g with the balance of the water

54
Q

What questions should be considered when adding ingredients to a cream?

A

Compatability (of ingredient with cream)
Strength
Expiry date (will addition alter it)
Accuracy (of calculations)

55
Q

Why is menthol used in cream?

A

Menthol in cream as a topical application soothes and cools the skin
It dilates the blood vessels which causes a sensation of coolness, followed by an analgesic effect
It relieves itching and is used in creams, lotions and ointments in pruritis and urticaria

56
Q

What are some adverse effects with using menthol?

A

Some users may have reactions to menthol or other ingredients in the cream.

Signs of allergic reaction include swelling, redness, itching where cream was applied, and possible trouble breathing.

57
Q

What should menthol NOT be used for?

A

To treat pain from a cut or wound,

It should not be applied to cuts or other areas of broken skin

Pharmacy201 (17 decks)

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