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Alimentary > Lecture 4 - Grand Tour of the Alimentary System > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Grand Tour of the Alimentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 functions of the alimentary system

A

Digestion
Secretion
Absorption
Motility

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2
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A

Breakdown foodstuffs with chewing and saliva added as lubricant

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3
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Conduit between mouth and stomach (can move material against gravity)

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4
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Digestion
Storage
Sterilisation

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5
Q

What is the majority of the liquid in the stomach?

A

Hydrochloric acid - important for sterilisation and digestion

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6
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Makes and controls digestive enzymes for digesting fats, carbs and proteins

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7
Q

What is the function of the liver in the breakdown of fats?

A

Produces bile salts

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8
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Stores + concentrates bile

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9
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Final stages of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

V. vast surface area

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10
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Water absorption (via absorbing sodium + water follows)
Bacterial fermentation
Formation of faeces

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11
Q

What are the 4 layers (tunics) of the GIT?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia

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12
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa?

A

Epithelium (covers outside)
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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13
Q

What structures exist in the submucosa?

A

Glands

e.g. in duodenum secrete bicarb, in oesophagus, secrete mucous

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14
Q

What exists between the submucosa and muscularis externa?

A

Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

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15
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis externa?

A

Inner layer = circumferential muscle (controls diameter of tube)
outer layer = longitudinal muscle (controls length of tube)

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16
Q

What is between the two layers of the muscularis externa?

A

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

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17
Q

What is the difference between serosa and adventitia?

A

Adventitia attaches oesophagus + rectum to surrounding structures (outside peritoneal cavity)
Serosa surrounds stomach and intestines

Exactly the same in their composition

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18
Q

What are the functions of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses?

A

They have independent control of gut function

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19
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Little brain in the gut

20
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the mucosa in the mouth, oesophagus and anal canal?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (food makes these cells shed so squamous provides protection)

21
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the mucosa in the stomach, small and large intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium (1 cell layer in contact with the basement membrane so diffuse time is reduced)

22
Q

Apart from allowing absorption what else does the epithelium of the GIT do?

A

Synthesises and secretes digestive hormones

Produces mucus - a lubricant that protects us form our own digestive enzymes

23
Q

What is the function of the lamina propria?

A

Loose connective tissue which gives background support to the epithelium

24
Q

What structures are found in the lamina propria?

A

Glands, blood/lymph veseels

25
Q

What kind of tissue is the submucosa?

A

Thick, irregular connective tissue

26
Q

What is the function of the submucosa?

A

Physically supports and supplies BVs, neurons, lymphatic vessels

27
Q

What are the function of lymphatic vessels in the GIT?

A

Take away products of fat digestion

28
Q

Why does the submucosa of the duodenum secrete bicarb?

A

To neutralise stomach acid as not to damage the small intestine

29
Q

What two movements do the muscles in the submucosa produce?

A

Peristalsis and segmentation

30
Q

What is the nervous control of the gut?

A

Long reflexes from PNS

Short reflexes from ENS

31
Q

What is the parasympathetic supply to the gut?

A

Vagus nerve

32
Q

What does parasympathetic innervation to the gut lead to?

A

Increased secretion and motility

33
Q

What is the sympathetic supply to the gut?

A

Splanchnic nerve

34
Q

What does sympathetic innervation to the gut lead to?

A

Inhibitory (expect salivation) so secretion + motility reduced

35
Q

What are the main 3 key branches of the aorta that supply the GIT?

A

Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery

36
Q

What does the celiac trunk supply?

A

Stomach
Small intestine
Pancreas
Liver

37
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Small intestine
Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon

38
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum

39
Q

What vein drains the stomach?

A

Gastric veins

40
Q

What vein drains the pancreas?

A

Splenic vein

41
Q

What vein drains the small intestine down to the transverse colon?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

42
Q

What vein drains the descending colon down to the rectum?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

43
Q

What do all the veins of the GIT (IMA, SMA, gastric and splenic) drain into?

A

Hepatic portal vein

44
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein drain into?

A

Hepatic vein –> IVC

45
Q

How would you describe the blood that drains from the GIT into the liver?

A

Low in oxygen

High in nutrients

46
Q

What does the portal vein blood mix with?

A

Blood from the hepatic artery (which is rich in oxygen but not nutrients)

47
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Screen nutrients and get rid of nasty things

Stores nutrients

Alimentary (6 decks)

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