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Histology (Emily) > Lecture 4 - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue?

A

Embryonic, CT Proper, Specialized

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2
Q

What are the two types of Embryonic CT?

A

Mesenchymal and Mucous

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3
Q

Mesenchymal Embryonic CT

A

primarily found in embryo and derived from mesoderm. Amorphous matrix with few scattered reticular fibers and star-shaped pale staining mesenchymal cells (pluripotential)

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4
Q

Mucous Embryonic CT

A

found in umbilical cord “Wharton’s jelly;” jelly-like matrix with some collagen fibers and large fibroblasts embedded.

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5
Q

CT proper

A
  • Loose irregular CT- loosely arranged fibers + abundant cell types; around blood vessels & below membrane.
  • Dense irregular connective tissue: Abundant fibers and few cells. Pretty strong & amorphous. Few fibroblasts.
  • Dense regular connective tissue: Main component of tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses. Parallel fibers.
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6
Q

Elastic tissue

A

few branching elastic fibers, sparse collagen fibers, some fibroblasts filling interstitial space; dermis, lungs, elastic cartilage, elastic ligaments, large blood vessels (forms fenestrated sheaths)

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7
Q

Reticular tissue

A

network of reticular fibers (type III collagen); liver sinusoids, smooth muscle, fat, stroma of lymphatic organs, bone marrow, endocrine glands, reticular lamina of basal lamina.

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8
Q

What three things make up the extracellular matrix?

A
  1. Ground substance
  2. Fibers
  3. Tissue fluid
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9
Q

Ground Substance

A

colorless, transparent gel-like mixture of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins; occupy space between cells and fibers; lubricant, invasion protection, compression resistant.

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10
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

long, unbranced polysaccharides, Sulfated (-); attract H2O and provide structure and support

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11
Q

Hyaluronan

A

proteoglycan monomers attach to it via link proteins = huge, hydrophilic macromolecule

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12
Q

Proteoglycans

A

formed by linking GAGs with core proteins, forms a brush-like structure

Functions: water attraction and communication, different types: Aggrecan (more GAGs, holds more water), Versican (less GAGs, found in most other CT), Syndecan (Inside cell membrane)

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13
Q

Multiadhesive glycoproteins

A

stabilize ECM, link it to cell surface, participate in signaling pathways of CT

  • binding sites for ECM proteins.
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14
Q

BM (epithelium) attaches to CT via…

A

Laminin, fibronectin, osteopontin

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15
Q

Fibroblasts

A

principal cell of CT that makes collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers (reside closer to collagen)

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16
Q

Which type of collagen fibers are most common in CT?

A

Type I and III

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17
Q

What type of collagen is in reticular fibers?

A

Type III

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18
Q

Reticular fibers

A

very thin, primarily composed of type III collagen, higher carbohydrate content than collagen fibers; framework for organs and glands; bind silver moelcules and stains black!

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19
Q

Elastic fibers

A

coiled branching fibers that form loose networks; stretch 150%; composed of elastin and microfibrils of fibrillin; need special staining.

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20
Q

Collagen

A

3 molecules form triple helix, assemble into fibril (not seen by LM), then fiber made of many fibrils (seen by LM)

Tensile strength

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21
Q

Which Collagen type is most common?

A

Type I

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22
Q

Fibrillar Collagen

A

most common (1, 2, 3, 5, 6) 68 nm banded fibers

23
Q

FACITS

A

Fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple-helixes. Need to be present to form fibrillar collagens (IX, XII, etc). Have interruptions in their triple helixes that provide flexibility to the molecule

24
Q

Transmembrane collagen

A

Collagen XVII - Hemidesmosomes anchor epithelium to CT

25
Q

Basement membrane type of collagen

A

Type IV superstructure, Type VII anchoring

26
Q

What two things does laminin attach to?

A

Integrin receptors in the membrane of the epithelium and the underlying type IV collagen network

27
Q

Invasive breast cancer; what’s important enzyme in cancer cells for invasiveness?

A

Type IV Collagenase! Type IV forms basal lamina, so breaking through the basal lamina indicates cancer cells invading into surrounding connective tissue.

28
Q

Appendectomy and scar forms for tensile strength. What is that tensile strength due to?

A

Collagen type I! Most common, holds the connective tissue together

29
Q

Where does collagen synthesis occur?

A

Fibroblasts and then in ECM

30
Q

What is the process of collagen synthesis?

A

(1) mRNA encodes each alpha chain and finished by ribosomes
(2) hydroxylation of proline & lysine residues (vit C required)
(3) glycosylation
(4) formation of procollagen triple helix in rER and propeptides at ends to protect against degradation
(5) golgi sends procollagen into ECM
(6) Non-helical ends cut off = tropocollagen in ECM
(7) self-polymerization of rod-shaped tropocollagen molecules into collagen fibrils.

31
Q

What causes scurvy?

A

Vit C. deficiency = poorly hydroxylated tropocollagen, which is unable to form stable triple helix or collage fibril.

32
Q

What causes osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Type I collage mutation

33
Q

Type I Collagen

A

most common, found in connective tissue of skin, bone, tendons, ligaments = scar formation

34
Q

Type II Collagen

A

found in cartilage (hyaline and elastic), intervertebral disk

35
Q

Type III Collagen

A

reticular fibers

36
Q

Type IV Collagen

A

makes up basement membrane = support and filtration

37
Q

Type IX and XII Collagen

A

makes up FACITS; regulates type II fibrillar collagen

38
Q

Type XVII

A

Makes up hemidesmosomes

39
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

synthesized like collagen, but made of elastin and fibrillin microfibrils

40
Q

Elastin

A

an amorphous structural protein; very stretchy; produced by fibroblasts in elastic ligaments, smooth muscle cells in large arteries, chondrocytes and chondroblasts in elastic cartilage. Attach desmosomes.

41
Q

a glycoprotein that makes hairlike microfibrils; essential for elastin assembly into fibers; forms peripheral microfibrils of elastic fibers. (Can see very well in SEM!)

A

Fibrillin

42
Q

Where is elastin produced?

A

Fibroblasts

43
Q

Reticular Fibers are made of?

A

Type III Collagen

44
Q

Three types of connective tissue proper

A
  1. Loose Connective Tissue
  2. Dense Irregular CT
  3. Dense Regular CT
45
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

few fibers, many cells, underlies all epithelium.

Fills space btwn epithelium and dense CT, also around blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and glands.

46
Q

Dense Irregular CT

A

most common, fibers run in different directions, few cells

Found in dermis, articular capsules, periosteum, and periochondrium, and big arteries.

47
Q

Dense Regular CT

A

fiber bundles and fibroblasts in uniform parallel fashion; in tendons and ligaments only

48
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

important hormone-producing tissue and stores lipids

49
Q

White Adipose Tissue

A

nucleus squeezed off to one side, produce leptin hormone homeostasis

50
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue

A

many lipid droplets, found in hibernating animals (neck/heart/scapula)

51
Q

Mast Cells

A

Contain heparin and histamine (allergic rxns)

Found near blood vessels, similar to basophils.

52
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Antibody manufacturing cells from activated B lymphocytes; responsible for humoral immunity (adaptive immune system, guided by antibodies).

53
Q

Macrophages

A

eat and present antigens to draw immune response.

Histology (Emily) (8 decks)

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