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PSY324: The Science of Wellbeing > Lecture 4: Cognitive Basis of Wellbeing > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Cognitive Basis of Wellbeing Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is there higher cognitive activity towards negative events?

A

Negative events require more cognitive resources so that we are more able to respond to events that are detrimental to our survival.

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2
Q

What is the Stroop task?

A

Names of colors match the name of the color or not, participants are asked as quickly as they can give the color of the ink while ignoring the meaning of the word (faster response when there is a match). Because the meaning of the word captures our attention.

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3
Q

Explain two experiments that showed that negative affect used up more cognition? (Negative Bias)

A
  1. Stroop Task: Used a set of neutral words and a set of negative words. Result was that those that were negatively valenced had higher response times.
  2. When we use negative stimuli vs positive stimuli, participants are slower to respond to the incongruent trial (takes them longer to ignore that negative stimulus)
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4
Q

What is the Dot-Probe Experiment?

A

Experiment used to measure cognitive attention. Participants are asked to stare at a fixation dot. Neutral and emotional stimuli (pictures) are shown on either side for a predetermined time (500ms). A dot then appears either on the neutral or emotional picture area. The subjects are asked to indicate where the dot was. People are quicker to select the dot that is in the place of a threatening image.

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5
Q

What is the affective Simon task?

A

Saying positive to a negative word produces more interference than saying “negative” to a positive word.

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6
Q

What experiment showed that our emotions affect what we focus on?

A

Spatial attention tasks where the primed PA condition was associated with the tendency to selectively attend to rewards vs non-rewards.

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7
Q

What is the Global-Local task?

A

An experiment that tasks subjects to watch an either (neutral, PA, NA video), then afterwards, they can match figures on the “local” shapes (individual triangles) or on the overall “global” pattern. Participants who watched PA videos made global choices compared to those who watched negative or neutral videos.

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8
Q

The cognitive component of SWB is:

A

Life satisfaction

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9
Q

What can affect our evaluation of life satisfaction? (2)

A
  1. Memory Biases

2. Heuristics

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10
Q

What was Sanchez and Vazquez’s experiment about life satisfaction and PA?

A

They assessed LS and PA before a dot probe task that tracked eye gaze. Both PA and LS predicted attention to faces, LS predicted PA and PA predicted more elaborate attention.

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11
Q

Categorization based on negative meaning predicted ______ in daily life.

A

lower SWB

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12
Q

How did Robinson et al prove that categorization on negative meaning resulted in lower SWB?

A

Used RT to evaluate connotation of neutral or negative stimuli. Faster times for negative stimuli was associated with negative appraisals of daily life, more negative affect in daily life and lower life satisfaction.

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13
Q

What affective traits moderate negative appraisals?

A

cheerfulness, depression

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14
Q

What and why does CBT focus on reappraisals?

A

Better categorization of negative stimuli was associated with negative appraisals of daily life, more negative affect in daily life and lower life satisfaction.

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15
Q

Name and define 5 cognitive psychotherapies.

A
  1. CBT
  2. Mindfulness: non-judgemental awareness of the present moment
  3. Decentering: seeing thoughts and feelings as objective events in the mind rather than personally identifying with them
  4. Cognitive defusion: letting thoughts come and go rather than holding on to them
  5. Acceptance: recognition that experiences will come and go and judging them is not useful.
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16
Q

What is the Cognitive-Motivational conflict?

A

The notion that inconsistencies may negatively contribute to well-being. The conflict between different wants that the mind has may produce anxiety and may be at the root of low SWB.

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17
Q

How are threat-comparator skills measured?

A

These skills involve categorizing stimuli and comparing information to current goals. We can assess this using a Go-No-Go task. High levels of agreeableness reflect an open approach to others which conflict with high threat-comparator skills. Therefore highly agreeable and threat-comparator individuals may have the lowest SWB.

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18
Q

What is the Go-No-Go Task?

A

This task measures response inhibition. In the go/no-go task, participants respond to certain stimuli (“go” stimuli) and make no response for others (“no-go” stimuli). The main dependent measure in go/no-go tasks is the commission error rate (making a “go” response on “no-go” trials); fewer errors signifies better response inhibition.

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19
Q

What was Horney’s Theory of Neurotic Conflict?

A

Neurotic conflict due to mismatch between conscious affiliation motivations and unconscious affiliation motivations. High agreeableness and high implicit self-esteem reflects a subconscious motivation to favour ourselves (may reflect a conflict - more NA in agreeable individual). Low agreeableness and high implicit self-esteem: conscious motivation for distance from others and unconscious motivation to favour self (less NA in disagreeable individuals).

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20
Q

Define goals.

A

Ideas, norms, obligations or other guidelines that represent the desired endstate
Generally goals are: focused on an object, future oriented, used to guide/direct behaviour, internally represented, something we are committed to approaching or avoiding.

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21
Q

What does commitment to goals give us? (3)

A
  1. Personal agency
  2. Structure and Meaning
  3. Problem coping
22
Q

What is Sheldon and Elliot’s Self-concordance model?

A

Selection of, progress toward, and attainment of certain goals (self-concordant goals) positively affect wellbeing because they reflect individual’s authentic interests and values, are intrinsically motivating; are associated with an internal perceived locus of control (we’re the ones that are going to have to put in the effort), these are the goals that we are going to put in sustained effort towards

23
Q

What are the three essential needs of humans? (3)

A
  1. Sense of competence
  2. Relatedness
  3. Affiliation
24
Q

What was Bahrami and Cranney’s update on the Self-Concordance Model?

A

Added the component of personal growth between goal attainment and need satisfaction. The person must interpret whether the attainment/striving for self-concordant goals is actually leading to personal growth. Also this model posits that even setting self-concordance goals leads to need satisfaction because it makes us feel like we are free to make choices.

25
Q

Define self-esteem.

A

One’s evaluation of oneself, can be conceptualized as both a trait and a state (Trait = global self-esteem, domain-specific self-esteem, State self esteem). Can reflect both cognitive judgements and affective responses, can be explicit or implicit.

26
Q

What is the correlation between self-esteem with wellbeing?

A

Moderate and positive, typically explicit self-esteem is positively correlated with well-being, while implicit self-esteem has a low correlation.

27
Q

How did Schimmack and Diener try to correlate implicit self-esteem and SWB?

A

They asked people to indicate their preference for letters, with letters corresponding to their name being more likely favored. After controlling for letter liking because of other causes they found a non-significant correlation.

28
Q

More recent studies have shown that implicit self-esteem predicts. (3)

A
  1. Daily NA
  2. Displays of NA to others
  3. Somatic symptoms
29
Q

What is the sociometer hypothesis?

A

Self-esteem buffers us against the negative effects of social rejection.

30
Q

What is the terror-management theory?

A

Self-esteem buffers us against the negative effects of mortality salience.

31
Q

What is the self-affirmation theory?

A

Self-esteem increases resilience

32
Q

What is motivational explanation?

A

Self-esteem and wellbeing have something in common.

33
Q

What is the self-enhancement motive?

A

Motivation to enhance the positivity of one’s self-conceptions or protect the self from negative information

34
Q

What were two claims that Taylor and Brown made about positive self-illusions?

A
  1. ll of us show manifestation of self-enhancement motives, we have positive illusions about ourselves (can also have positive illusions about others and one’s relationships), controversial because at that point we relied heavily on accurate self-reports in psychology
  2. These positive illusions contribute to well-being, increased happiness or contentment, positive self-view, greater ability to care for others, greater-capacity for productive and creative work, better adjustment to stressful events (so how can we tell that people may have positive illusions?)
35
Q

Why is it hard to prove self-serving biases? (2)

A
  1. It’s hard to distinguish people who have positive illusions and those that actually are accurate in self-conception.
  2. Cannot control the characteristics of the “average” that are brought to mind.
36
Q

How do we solve the issue with the self-serving biases?

A

Use an external objective criterion. (however, this might also be an issue, bc how we can trust that it’s not biased either). So we must use an objective external criterion like actually measuring their performance after they’ve done it.

37
Q

What is an argument against the correlation between positive illusions and wellbeing?

A

Based on the definition of the self-serving bias, people will exaggerate their self-esteem and wellbeing on surveys. Meaning that they will both be positively correlated with SWB AND each other. Meaning it’s possible that their correlation is just spurious.

38
Q

What is the false consensus effect?

A

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people share our opinions, attitudes and undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours.

39
Q

What is the false uniqueness effect?

A

The tendency to underestimate the extent to which other people share our positive attitudes and desirable or successful behaviours

40
Q

Which experiment showed the false uniqueness effect during a drought in CA?

A

Monin and Norton (2003)

41
Q

What is unrealistic optimism?

A

a phenomenon in which people see themselves as more likely than other people to experience good events, and less likely than other people to experience bad events (i.e., smokers who think other people will get affected by not them)

42
Q

What is perceived control?

A

the tendency to see uncontrollable events as at least partially under our control (i.e., watching your favourite sports team play and closing your eyes). Irrational self-serving belie

43
Q

What are overconfident judgements?

A

people tend to be overconfident when predicting their own behaviour (i.e., how long a new relationship will last, planning fallacy)

44
Q

What is basking in reflected glory?

A

Associating with successful others to increase one’s feelings of self-worth, we say “WE WON” when in reality we had nothing to do with them. We do not associate with their failure

45
Q

What are downward temporal comparisons?

A

Comparing oneself to a past self who performed worse than the present self.

46
Q

What are downward social comparisons?

A

Comparing oneself to others who are performing worse than the self, one is better off than others on the dimension under evaluation, typically happy people (focus on the number of people).

47
Q

What is upward social comparison?

A

Comparing oneself who are performing better than the self, generally unhappy people (focus on the number of people) but, emphasize the advantages that the other person had that lead to his/her performance, acknowledge the other person’s superior performance in one domain and derogate his/her abilities in another domain, exaggerate other person’s ability and see him/her as unusually good

48
Q

What is downward simulation?

A

Simulated alternatives worse than actuality (at least I changed my last answer or I might have failed).

49
Q

What is Self-serving attribution?

A

Tendency to attribute own successes to dispositional causes and failures to situational causes.

50
Q

What is Self-handicapping?

A

A strategy in which people create obstacles to success so that potential failure can be blamed on external factors

PSY324: The Science of Wellbeing (4 decks)

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