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LEC.101 > Lecture 4 – Agriculture, Food security and Climate change > Flashcards

Lecture 4 – Agriculture, Food security and Climate change Flashcards

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1
Q

When and why did food security become more of a global topic?

A

after the food price spike in 2007/2008

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2
Q

Which countries does food security occur in?

A

occurs in all countries to some extent

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3
Q

Would increasing food production solve food insecurity?

A

Increasing food production would not necessarily solve this problem

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4
Q

What are the three pillars of food security?

A

Food availability, access to food and foot utilization, not any one thing

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5
Q

What influences food availability?

A

Production, distribution and exchange of food

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6
Q

What influences access to food?

A

Affordability, allocation and preference (religious or cultural preferences)

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7
Q

What influences food utilization?

A

Nutritional value, social safety and food safety

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8
Q

How long has malnutrition been rising for?

A

Since 2014

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9
Q

What proportion of people experience severe food security?

A

One in ten (about 750 million)

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10
Q

How many people don’t have access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food?

A

2 Billion

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11
Q

How will Covid19 affect global malnourishment?

A

could increase undernourished to 900 million by 2030

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12
Q

What is the current global trend with adult obesity

A

on the rise everywhere in the world

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13
Q

What proportion of the world is affected by moderate or severe food insecurity?

A

25%

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14
Q

In North America and Europe what proportion of people are obese?

A

One in three

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15
Q

What is the negatives effects of obesity?

A

Bad for health, and increases pressure on food system to produce surplus – effects the environment

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16
Q

How has the proportion of people who are malnourished/have stunted growth changed in the last 20 years?

A

Roughly halved worldwide

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17
Q

How has the proportion of people who are obese changed in the last 20 years?

A

Has doubled worldwide

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18
Q

For the land to support food security what do we need?

A

Biodiversity and healthy land

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19
Q

Why does the atmosphere retain heat?

A

To warm the planet

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20
Q

What are small concentrations of gas in our atmosphere responsible for?

A

maintaining temperatures to make the earth habitable by trapping heat to create a natural greenhouse effect

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21
Q

How does the enhanced greenhouse effect work?

A

The sun gives off energy in the form of shortwave radiation of mainly ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, which is absorbed by the earth, which then emits heat as infra-red radiation, which has longer wavelengths.
Greenhouse gases trap this infra-red radiation emitted from the earth to the atmosphere

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22
Q

How much do greenhouse gases influence our climate?

A

A lot

23
Q

What are the main greenhouse gases?

A 
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Hydrofluorocarbons
Perfluorocarbons
Sulfur Hexafluoride
24
Q

How can we reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

A

by either increasing biomass, or reducing distribution

25
Q

What mainly emits methane?

A

Cows

26
Q

What causes more than a third of global methane emissions?

A

microbial breakdown of organic matter under anaerobic conditions

27
Q

Where does microbial breakdown of organic matter under anaerobic conditions take place and to grow what?

A

mostly due to ride, produced in floods (anerobic)

28
Q

Why is nitrous oxide released?

A

during the reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen

29
Q

What is the problem with nitrous oxide?

A

Doesn’t have a significant terrestrial sink

30
Q

What is the problem with greenhouse gases?

A

The problem is, most greenhouse gases last a very long time in our atmosphere, which means that they accumulate over time

31
Q

How many gigatonnes of carbon do we release yearly?

A

50

32
Q

What is the relationship between income and meat?

A

As income increases in countries all over the world, they consume more meat

33
Q

Does India follow the trend of increasing income correlating with increasing meat consumption and why?

A

No, because it has a very high population of vegetarians (cows are sacred animals for them)

34
Q

How much more meat do Americans eat than other people?

A

Approximately 3 times more

35
Q

Who is the largest beef producer worldwide?

A

America

36
Q

How much of the Earth’s land area is used for cows?

A

30%

37
Q

How much more land do we use for animal food compared to human?

A

8 times more

38
Q

How much more climate change power does methane have compared to carbon dioxide?

A

21 times

39
Q

Cows produce more greenhouse gases than ? million cars per year in america?

A

22

40
Q

How much manure is create by animals yearly?

A

Approx 5 million tons

41
Q

What do we use for fertilizer?

A

Nitrous oxide

42
Q

How much nitrous oxide do we use yearly?

A

17 billion pounds per year

43
Q

What effect does nitrous oxide have in rivers?

A

Runoff into rivers and oceans create huge algae blooms

Takes oxygen from water, killing everything

44
Q

What proportion of greenhouse gases do direct emissions from agriculture account for?

A

50%

45
Q

What are empty calories?

A

foods that do not offer any nutrients

46
Q

What is the trend with empty calories?

A

Increasing worldwide trend of people eating ‘empty calories since 2009’

47
Q

What would the effect of everyone being pescatarian/vegetarian?

A

If everyone was pescatarian or vegetarian then there would be no increase in global emissions
Additionally, it’d save land usage

48
Q

Who have the highest greenhouse emission intensity?

A

Africa and India

49
Q

Why do Africa and India have the highest greenhouse emission intensity?

A

mainly because of poor management and lack of resources, which means companies move there

50
Q

What is life circle analysis?

A

Analyzing the life of a cow and looking at where it was most environmentally damaging
Using the information, we can adapt our processes, so that they’re more friendly for the environment

51
Q

What are direct atmospheric inputs?

A

Gas emissions
Aerosol generation
Thermal pollution

52
Q

What are the changes to land surface that occur on earth?

A

Albedo change (deforestation, afforestation, intensive grazing, dust addition to ice caps)
Roughness change (deforestation, afforestation, urbanization)
Extension of irrigation
Reservoir impoundment

53
Q

How much of the world’s food is reliant on fertilizer boosted agriculture?

A

Half

54
Q

How does nitrous oxide and phosphorous affect infection and non-infectious diseases?

A

Can indirectly increase the abundance of them

LEC.101 (5 decks)

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