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IMIN 200 > Lecture 4: Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell

A

stem cell for all immune cells

produced in the bone marrow

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2
Q

These two cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cell

A

Myeloid Progenitor cell and Lymphoid Progenitor cell

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3
Q

What cell types are produced by the Myeloid Progenitor cell?

A
  • RBC
  • Platelet
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Monocyte- produce dendritic cell and macrophage
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4
Q

Monocyte can be further subdivided into:

A

Dendritic cell and Macrophage

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5
Q

Myeloid Progenitor cell produces cell types that are linked to what type of immunity?

A

Innate immunity

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6
Q

What are the cells produced by myeloid progenitor cell that are responsible for inflammation in innate immunity?

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Monocyte- dendritic cell and macrophage
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7
Q

Cell types produced by Lymphoid Progenitor cell

A
  • Natural Killer cell
  • T Lymphocytes
  • B Lymphocyte
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8
Q

What cell type is produced by the Lymphoid Progenitor cell that plays a role in innate immunity?

A

Natural killer cell

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9
Q

What are the two cell types produced by the Lymphoid Progenitor cell that plays a role in adaptive immunity?

A

T Lymphocytes and B Lymphocyte

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10
Q

Examples of T Lymphocytes

A
  • Helper cells
  • Regulatory cells
  • Cytotoxic cells
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11
Q

B Lymphocyte can further specialize into ________ cell which then generate ________

A

Plasma, Antibodies

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12
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Immune response mediated by B and T lymphocytes (B cell/T cell) to infectious agents and noninfectious molecules.

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13
Q

Difference of innate and adaptive immune response when it comes to detection?

A

Innate immunity- detects common microbial structures

Adaptive immunity- Detects vast repertoire of specific molecules on the pathogen

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14
Q

Difference of innate and adaptive immunity in terms of receptors?

A

Innate immunity- receptors are encoded in the germline. No recombination that occurs in the genome to create receptors.

Adaptive immunity- receptors generated by somatic recombination.

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15
Q

Difference of innate and adaptive immunity in terms of repeat exposure

A

Innate immunity- same magnitude of response upon repeat exposure.

Adaptive immunity- Improved “adapted” response to repeat exposure.

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16
Q

Adaptive immune responses are generated in response to “________”

A

Antigens

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17
Q

Antigen (Ag)

A

A “foreign” molecule, typically from a pathogen. Usually it’s foreign, but there are some that are not.

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18
Q

B cells recognize broad types of antigens. What are these antigens?

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Lipopolysaccharides
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic acids
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19
Q

T cells are highly specific when recognizing different types of antigens. What are the types of antigens recognized by T cells?

A

peptides (long peptides) derived from proteins

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20
Q

What are the critical mediators of the adaptive immune response?

A

B cells and T cells

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21
Q

Antigen presenting cells (APC)

A

T cells require antigen presentation by dedicated antigen presenting cells.

T cells don’t recognize antigen directly without some form of presentation.

Presents the antigen to the T cell receptor (TCR) of a T cell

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22
Q

How does the B cell detect antigen?

A

B Cell receptor (BCR) directly recognizes its cognate antigen.

B cells directly recognize the antigen through its BCR.

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23
Q

Two forms of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Humoral Immunity
  2. Cellular Immunity
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24
Q

Humoral Immunity

A
  • directed against extracellular microbes.
  • mediated by B lymphocytes
  • B lymphocytes secrete antibodies that NEUTRALIZE and ELIMINATE microbes and microbial toxins.
  • production and secretion of antibodies.
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25
What happens in humoral immunity?
1. Microbe binds to the B cell receptor (BCR) of the B cell. 2. B cell gets activated 3. Production of antibodies
26
Cellular Immunity
- directed against intracellular microbes. - mediated by T lymphocytes - T lymphocytes activate phagocytes and lymphocytes or kill infected host cells.
27
What happens in cellular immunity?
1. T lymphocyte (T cell) receptor binds to the receptor of a host cell. Host cell has intracellular microbes 2. T lymphocytes activate phagocytes and lymphocytes or kill infected host cells.
28
Why is it not enough to just rely on antibodies?
It's not enough because some microbes might get inside the cells and not be found by antibodies.
29
Purpose of Humoral and Cellular immune responses in the adaptive immune system
Humoral and Cellular immune responses are distinct arms of the adaptive immune system to neutralize microbes in different locations.
30
What is the microbe involved in humoral immunity?
extracellular microbes
31
What are the responding lymphocytes in humoral immunity?
B lymphocyte
32
Effector mechanism of humoral immunity
secreted antibody
33
Functions of humoral immunity
Block infections and eliminate extracellular microbes
34
Two types of microbe involved cellular immunity
- Phagocytosed microbes in macrophage - Intracellular microbe s(e.g. viruses) replicating within infected cell
35
In cellular immunity, what is the responding lymphocyte if the microbe is phagocytosed microbes in macrophage?
Helper T lymphocyte
36
Helper T lymphocyte
will further activate the APC to better destroy the ingested microbe.
37
Function of helper T lymphocyte in cellular immunity
Activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes
38
In cellular immunity, what is the responding lymphocyte if the microbe involved is intracellular microbes (e.g. viruses)?
Cytolytic T lymphocyte
39
Function of cytolytic T lymphocyte in cellular immunity
Kill infected cells and reservoirs of infection.
40
Aside from blocking infections, what else do antibodies do?
Antibodies will facilitate the ingestion and destruction of a microbe.
41
5 Phases of the immune response
1. Recognition 2. Activation 3. Effector phase 4. Decline 5. Memory
42
Recognition
- 1st phase of the immune response - naive lymphocytes recognize corresponding antigen
43
Activation
- 2nd phase of the immune response - lymphocytes differentiate and start clonal expansion (proliferation)
44
Activation, a phase in immune response, requires two signals. What are these?
1. Antigen receptor binds antigen 2. Microbial or innate immune signals are also required for lymphocyte activation
45
Why does each BCR recognizes a limited number of antigens?
Because they have specificity
46
We have millions of B cells, each with its own unique ______
BCR
47
Explain clonal expansion
When a BCR or TCR detects antigen the B cell or T cell undergoes multiple rounds of cell division, thereby expanding. Each daughter is identical to the parent cell, i.e. a clone
48
Effector phase
- 3rd phase of immune response - differentiated lymphocytes initiate microbial elimination.
49
Decline
- 4th phase of immune response - after microbial elimination the signal for lymphocyte activation disappears. Most of the cells activated by antigen die by a process of programmed cell death (apoptosis).
50
What is the main reason for declining? (immune response phase)
The stimulating antigen is diminishing in numbers.
51
Why do cells go into apoptosis?
They're not needed anymore
52
Memory
- 5th phase of immune response - The remaining cells are memory lymphocytes, which may survive for months or years.
53
The memory cells (adaptive memory) are not like naive cells (innate immunity) because:
memory cells react faster. They are also stronger, better, and faster.
54
What happens in the memory phase of immune response?
Prior exposure to one antigen results in stronger responses to subsequent challenges with the same antigen.
55
Each B cell expresses a unique B cell receptor (BCR), which recognizes a distinct ___________________
microbial 3-dimensional structure
56
In a B cell that has never previously encountered its target structure (naive B cell), where is the BCR restricted to?
The BCR is restricted to the plasma membrane of the B cell.
57
What happens during naive B cells activation?
1. Naive B cells are activated by antigens and other "second" signals. 2. B cell activation results in their proliferation (clonal expansion) and differentiation into effector cells that actively secrete antibodies. 3. BCR production is now modified in such a way that the BCR is secreted as an antibody.
58
What is the source for Antibody, a secreted BCR
B cells
59
Antibodies secreted by BCR are released into the _________ and __________ fluids by B cells upon infection
circulation and mucosal
60
Functions of antibodies released by B cells
- neutralizes microbes and microbial toxins . Microbes will also produce toxins - stops microbes from gaining access to or colonizing host cells. - does not have access to intracellular microbes
61
T lymphocytes (T cells)
T cells also respond to antigens, but require antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APC)
62
Where does antigen presenting cells (APC) reside and their function?
- APCs reside in potential sites of microbe entry (skin, G.I. tract, respiratory tract, etc.) - APCs capture, process and present antigens to T lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid tissues.
63
Each T cell expresses a unique ______________
T cell receptor (TCR)
64
A single TCR recognizes
a single presented antigen
65
What do T cells require to assist antigen recognition?
co-receptors
66
Two major subsets of T lymphocytes
1. CD4+ helper T cells 2. CD8+ cytolytic T cells
67
CD4+ helper T cells
- detect antigens presented by professional antigen presenting cells - secrete cytokines to activate other components of the immune response (macrophages, B cells, etc.)
68
CD8+ cytolytic T cells
- detect microbial antigens presented by all nucleated cells and destroy the presenting cell.
69
How do you bring the right lymphocyte together with its cognate antigen upon infection quickly enough to activate the appropriate immune reply?
The peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissues) concentrate antigens and lymphocytes to optimize interactions.
70
The Lymphatic System
- a network that transports fluids from tissues through lymph nodes and ultimately to the circulatory system (initially to veins) - excess interstitial fluid is collected by the lymphatic system and is processed by lymph nodes prior to being deposited into the circulatory system. - unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is not closed and has no central pump.
71
What happens in the lymphatic system during an immune response?
1. APCs drain from peripheral tissues into lymph nodes. 2. T lymphocytes enter lymph nodes 3. APCs activate T Lymphocytes 4. Lymphocytes exit lymph nodes and enter circulation, then exit circulation into inflamed tissue where they mediate microbial destruction.
72
Secondary lymphoid organs have regions that are rich in certain cell types. What are these organs and cell types?
1. Cortex- B-cell rich 2. Paracortex- T-cell and DC rich 3. Medulla

IMIN 200 (20 decks)

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