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Aquaculture > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immunity response of a fish

A

Occupy an apparent crossroads between the innate immune response and the emergence of the adaptive immune response

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2
Q

What are the first cells on site after an insult

A

Neutrophils

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3
Q

What affects the immunity of fish

A
  • Environment
  • Poikilothermic nature (NB)
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4
Q

What is the immunity of fish like

A
  • Innate immunity as well as adaptice immunity, however the innate is stronger than adaptive
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5
Q

What organs deal with the immune system

A
  • Lymphoid organ except lymph nodes and the bone marrow
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6
Q

Where is there the highest concentration of immune cells

A

Anterior kidney has highest concentration of developing B lymphoid cells

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7
Q

What is the head kidney

A

Aglomerular and assume haemopoietic functions - it is the principal immune organ responsible for phagocytosis, antigen processing and formation of IgM and immune memory through melanomachrophage centres

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

What is the pronephros

A

Head kidney

  • formed by 2 arms that spread from cranial part of abdomen. It is near or associated with gill
  • Endocrine organ - similar to adrenal gland (corticosteroids)
  • Major site of antibody production
    *
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10
Q

Function of the spleen

A
  • Secondary immune organ - IgM and mature B ceels
  • Clearance of blood-borne antigens and immune complexes in the splenic ellipsoids and in antigen presentation
  • Haematopoiesis, antigen degradation in antibody production processing
  • Sleen alone plays an essential role in antigen trapping
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11
Q

What is the thymus

A
  • Subepithelial organ
  • Only produces T lymphocyte
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12
Q

What does the thymus produce

A

T lymphocytes

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13
Q

What is the GALT

A
  • Gut associated lymphoid tissue
  • Mainly of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages
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14
Q

What kind of lymphoids does the musoca have

A

B

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15
Q

What leukocytes are found in fish

A
  • Neutrophils, monocytes, thrombocytes, plasma cells, B cells, T cells, NK cells and ‘esinophils’
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16
Q

What are non-specific immune elements

A
  • Act as first line of defence against all pathogens, but also play an instructive role in the development of acquired immune response
  • Elements of non-specific immune components include antibacterial peptides, lysozyme, lectins, acute phase proteins and the complement system
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17
Q

What do lysozyme act on and where is synthesised

A

Bacterium cell wall

In the liver

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18
Q

Where is lysozyme found

A

Mucous

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19
Q

What are lectins

A

Proteins of non-immune origin

  • Bind to certain sugars
  • Opsonin for phagocytosis becteria and is alos involved in activation of the complement system
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20
Q

What is the C-reactive protein

A
  • Acute phase proteins function in a variety defence-related activities such as limiting the dispersal of infectious agents, inactivation of proteases, killing microbes and repair of tissue damage
  • Involed in classical pathway - enchance phagocytosis, C reactive protein is NB
  • Increase 20- fold foling high temperature shock or administration of inflammatory agents
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21
Q

What is the purpose of the complement system

A
  • Links innate and adaptive immune reponses - complements the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens
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22
Q

Explain the alternative complement pathway

A

Antibody independent, is very prominent in fish serum

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23
Q

What is the role of complement

A

Killing of pathogens through opsonisation and activation of phagocytes

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24
Q

What are the elements involved in innate and adaptive immunity

A
  • Lymphocytes, NK cells and MHC
25
Q

What is the innate control of adaptive immunity

A

Is based on establishing an association between the Ag recognition by lymphocytes and the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

26
Q

What is sinilar to NK cells

A

Non-specific cytotoxic cells (NCCs)

27
Q
A
28
Q

What is the most primitive vertebrates to possess an adaptive immune system

A
  • Fish
    • Lymphocytes, immunoglobulins, T cell receptor and products of major histocompatibility complec to allow the clonal selection of B and T cells
29
Q
A
30
Q

What have fish been shown to have

A
  • Lymphocyte subpopulations analogues to the mammalian B cells and T cells - the Ab representative in teleosts is more limited to mammals being IgM tetramer in the most prevalent form (produce by B cells)
    • Mammalian IgM is a pentamere structure
31
Q

What are the two heavy chain isotypes

A

IgD and IgT (IgZ was also reported in fish)

32
Q

Where is IgM found

A

Epithelial mucus

33
Q

What do T cells do

A

Release factors to cordinste responses of other immune cells or cytotoxic factors to directly kill infected or abnormal cells

34
Q
A
35
Q

How a B cells characterised

A

By expression of surface immunoglobulin receptors

36
Q

How does resistance and recovery of infection happen

A

Are the result of complex interactions between non-specific and specific defense mechanisms

37
Q

What are cytokines

A
  • Act as modulators
  • Innate and adaptive immune resposne
38
Q

What is interleukin 1B mainly produced by

A

Macrophages

39
Q

What is acquired immunity mediated by

A

Lymphocytes and affected mainly through antibodies

40
Q
A
41
Q

What are typical fish vaccines

A

Water-oil based

42
Q

What is the best method of protection

A

Prevention: reduce the need for antibiotics and chemicals

43
Q

When were vaccines licenced in the USA

A

1970’s

44
Q

How are ERM and Vibrios vaccines administered

A

By immersion

45
Q

How is furunculosis vaccine administered

A

Adjuvant and administered by injection to increase immunogenicity

46
Q

What are the vaccines against Aeromonas salmonicida

A
  1. Aquavac
  2. Furovac
  3. Aquafur
  4. Furogen
  5. Biojec1500, 1800
47
Q

What are the combination vaccines against Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio angullarum

A
  • Norvax
  • FUR VIB
48
Q

Why are vaccines the best method

A
  • Best survival rate and profitibility in aquaculture survival rate
  • Good nutrition
  • High-quality fingerlings quality fingerlings
  • Good farming and husbandry practices
  • Health management
49
Q

What are the fish vaccination methods

A
  • Reccomeded for only healthy fish
  • Fish subjected to a dry curfew, deprived of food prior to vaccination suffer less handling stress and respond better to anaesthetics
  • Disease free environment during the vaccination period
  • Must precede exposure to disease or transfer to a disease prone site by the relevant/appropriate time - lag phase
50
Q

How is delivery of vaccine done

A
  • Injection: most effective but need anaesthetise and handle the fish
  • Immersion: practical for mass vaccination of small fish only, does not work on all vaccines
  • Oral: only suitable for mass vaccination but dosage uncertain and sometimes poor potency
51
Q

What are the two application methods for immersion

A
  • Dip vac
    • Small fish immersed for very short duration in high concentration
    • Used for a large number of fish
  • Bath cac
    • Larger fish are exposed for a longer period, usually one to several hours, in a lower concentration of vaccine
52
Q

What are the limitations of a dip vaccination

A
  • Duration of immunity is not very long and boster vaccine is required
  • Impractical for larger fish due to cost effectiveness and the stress that could induce by vaccination
  • In fish smaller than 1g the immune system might still be immature
53
Q

How is injection of fish done

A
  • Intraperitoneal or intramuscular - IP most common form in aquaculture
54
Q

Advantage of injectables

A
  • Long duration of protection
  • Multiple antigens can be combined in a single vaccine and, therefore, in a single administration
  • Every antigen can be combined in a single vaccine and therefore, in a single adminstration
  • Every fish in the population has recieved the vaccine anf at the correct dose
  • Injections are in general superior to any other vaccine application method; however from a practical point of view they can only be applied to fish of 10g or more
55
Q

What do adjuvants promote

A
  • Adhesion
  • Autoimmune disease
56
Q

Explain Adhesions

A
  • Following IP vaccineation with multivalent, oil-adjuvanted vaccines
  • Inflammatory response > docal and/or diffuse peritonitis with adhesions between viscera and abdominal wall
  • Scoring scale from 0-6 based on macroscopic pathology findings
  • At water temp of 10-12 degrees, the progression of injection-site reaction in Atlantic salmon may take 6-12 months
57
Q

Explain the melanisation score

A
  • 0 = no melanin
  • 1 = small amount on viscera
  • 2 = Highly visible melanin and/or slight pigmentation of abdominal wall which is easily removed
  • 3 = melanisation of abdominal wall and of abdominal wall fillet - removal results in damage and removal results in damage and downgrading
58
Q

What are the 3 criteria used for vaccine efficacy

A
  1. Rate at which protection is achieved
  2. The final degree of protection: relative precent survival
  3. Duration of immunity
59
Q

How to measure immune response

A
  • Blood parameters
  • Identification of cells types and how these populations change
  • Simple functional assay
  • Easy to measure IgM by ELISA but not IgT
  • Gene expression

Aquaculture (11 decks)

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