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BIO370: Evolution > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a gene?

A

A piece of DNA that is transcribed to make RNA

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2
Q

What are the laws of inheritance?

A
  1. Segregation 2. Recombination
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3
Q

What is the definition of segregation?

A

The segregation of alleles at the same locus into different gametes during gamete formation

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4
Q

What is the definition of recombination?

A

The production of combinatorial, genetic variation

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5
Q

What are 2 ways to produce recombination?

A
  1. Independent assortment of chromosomes
  2. Crossing over
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6
Q

What is the definition of independent assortment of chromosomes?

A

Describes how alleles of 2 different genes get sorted into gametes independently of each other; combinations of different chromosomes

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7
Q

What is the definition of crossing over?

A

The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring; combinations of different genes on the same chromosome

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8
Q

What is an advantage of recombination?

A

New gene combinations are created, increasing genetic diversity

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9
Q

What is a disadvantage of recombination?

A

Co-adapted gene combinations are broken up

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10
Q

What is the definition of a mutation?

A

An error in the replication of nucleotide sequences; any other alteration of the genome that is not manifested as recombination

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11
Q

Are mutations random?

A

While mutations are NOT truly random (laws govern mutational changes), they are UNDIRECTED with respect to a particular goal/organism need/environmental favors

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12
Q

What is the definition of a transition?

A

A mutational change from a purine to a purine, or a pyridimine to a pyridimine

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13
Q

What is the definition of a transversion?

A

A mutational change from a purine to a pyrimidine, or a pyridimine to a purine

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14
Q

Which mutational change in bases occurs more frequently?

A

Transitions occur more frequently than transversions, because transversions involve different chemical types

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15
Q

How do mutation rates differ?

A
  1. Between organisms
  2. Between genes of the same organism
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16
Q

What is the ultimate source of ALL variation important to evolution?

A

Mutations

17
Q

What are the 4 evolutionary forces?

A
  1. Mutation (changes allele frequencies in a population)
  2. Selection
  3. Genetic drift
  4. Migration
18
Q

What is the definition of a synonymous mutation?

A

Substitutions which do not cause a change in the amino acid (i.e. silent mutations)

19
Q

What is the definition of a non-synonymous mutation?

A

Substitutions which cause the amino acid to change

20
Q

What are the different types of gene mutations?

A
  1. Nucleotide substitutions
  2. Insertions/deletions
21
Q

What are the different types of chromosome and karyotype alterations?

A
  1. Inversions/duplications/translocations
  2. Chromosome fusion/fission
  3. Polyploidization
22
Q

What is the definition of a karyotype?

A

The chromosome complement of an individual

23
Q

What is the definition of an inversion?

A

A 180 degree reversal of the orientation of a part of a chromosome relative to some standard chromosome

24
Q

What is the definition of gene duplication?

A

The production of 1+ copies of a gene as a result of unequal crossing over

25
Q

What can duplicated genes evolve into?

A
  1. Pseudogenes (degraded, nonfunctional genes)
  2. Unaltered, repeat-copy
  3. Genes with new function
26
Q

What is the definition of chromosomal translocation?

A

The shuffling of chromosomal fragments between nonhomologous sites

27
Q

What is the definition of chromosomal fusion?

A

The fusion of 2 chromosomes to form 1

28
Q

What is the definition of chromosomal fission?

A

The splitting of 1 chromosome into 2 smaller chromosomes

29
Q

What is the definition of polyploidy?

A

The having of more than 2 sets of chromosomes (e.g. tetraploidy)

30
Q

What are the different types of external sources of genetic variation?

A
  1. Hybridization/introgression
  2. Lateral gene transfer
31
Q

What is the definition of hybridization?

A

The process of producing a hybrid by mating 2 parents form different varieties/species in which descendant phenotypes can be novel

32
Q

What is the definition of horizontal (lateral) gene transfer?

A

The movement of genetic material between distantly related organisms other than by (“vertical”) transmission of DNA from parents to offspring (i.e. reproduction)

33
Q

What is FST - analysis (fixation index) used for?

A

Scaled 0-1, where 0 means genetically identical and 1 means genertically dissimilar

34
Q

What is the definition of introgression?

A

The transfer of genetic information from 1 species to another as a result of hybridization and repeated backcrossing

BIO370: Evolution (8 decks)

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