Lecture 4 Flashcards
look at human life stages and primates
What are the 12 characteristics that make primates distinct
1) retention of 5 digits
2) nails instead of claws
3) flexible hands and feet with ample prehension (grasping) and separate radius and ulna bones
4) exhibit tendency toward erect posture especially when sitting down
5) retention of the clavicle
6) stereoscopic vision
7) complex brains
8) long periods of gestation
9) greater dependency on highly flexible social behaviour
10) diphyodonts - two sets of teeth (permanent, and deciduous)
11) hertodonts: having different kinds of teeth, molars, premolars, canine, and incisors
12) postorbital bar/plate that separated the eye orbit from the back of the skull
Classifying Primates
Strepsirhini: Lemurs and Lorises
Haplorhini: tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans
Strepsirhini
1) Rhinarium: bare, wet surface at the end of the nose
2) grooming claw: second digit of the hind foot
3) dental comb: formed by the combination of lower incisors and canines used for feeding , grooming and extracting sap out of the tree
Haplorhini
monkeys, apes, tarsiers, humans larger body size absence of rhinarium typically posses a tail predominantly diurnal nails on all digits more rounded skull and larger cranial vault higher gestation and maturation periods more prenatal care more complex social systems back wall of eye orbit is completed which is called the postorbital bar
Apes: Hominidae
Large body size
absence of tails
shortened trunk
differences in position and musculature of the shoulder joint, this helps for locomotion and brachiation
complex behaviour
complex brain and enhanced cognitive abilities
longer periods of infancy development and dependency
All primates
1) exhibit grooming behaviour
2) social animals live in groups of various sizes
3) exhibit dominance hierarchies
4) have mother-infant relationships with some species having alloparent extensions of this relationships
primates closely related to us
1) exhibit learned behaviour
2) use tools
3) include meat in their diet
4) exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism
Arboreal origin theory
Primates developed characteristics because they lived in trees
Visual predation theory
Primates developed grasping and forward facing eyes characteristics because of the insect predation
Angiosperm radiation theory
Primates developed grasping hands for the adaptations towards flowering plants
Narrow niche theory
Primates developed from selective pressures for fringe branch feeding and relaxation of previous selective pressures
characteristics arose from varying environmental conditions at different times
Neonatal stage
0-3 months
humans are completely helpless during this stage they have no control over anything, bodily functions or musculature
development of lymphatic system, neurology and general growth
Infancy
3 months - 2 years
motor control and neural development (intense growth)
grasping, sitting, walking, standing
deciduous detention
language acquisition - learn through osmosis and exposure to language
Childhood
2 years - 7 years
slowed growth - start to become proportional
deciduous detention start to come into occlusion with each other, meaning they are touching and so you can chew
gradual loss of deciduous detention and growth of permanent teeth
symbolic play that usually represents adult roles
learning cultural norms
Juvenile
7 years - 13 years
engage in logical thinking - hypo-deductive reasoning
conversational language ability
increase growth in later phase (growth spurt)
elimination of reduction in egocentrism - not as self centered
permanent teeth start to come into occlusion with each other
sense of displacement - ability to think past yourself and attribute motive and symbolism to others
Puberty
13-16 years occurs earlier in females than males sexual maturity re-intiation of hypothalamic pituitary gondola system that has laid dormant since utero which is what makes you female or male fully socialized brings changes in physiology to render us quite different for how biological processes occur - make easier to identify skeleton sex sexual dimorphism fusing of epiphyseal growth plates
Reproductive
16-50 years
physical ability to bear children
Senescence
Starts at 25
not noticeable till 35
infantize old people - they cannot have the physical ability as youth - it starts to deteriorate
Chronological age
counted in years, measurement of time as we understand
Biological age
where are at biological development
Social age
accompanied with categories and expectations of how we should act and behave, what is acceptable within society
also associated with materiality
Materiality
material objects associated with social age and culture influences biological aspectts
ex: razor, deodorant, tampons for puberty
toys, for infancy
Social death
being removed from society before biologically dying
being put into an old folks home
Rights of passage
Usually celebrate a transition from one role to another
1) identification of separation
2) liminality
3) incorporation
Oestological terminology
Epiphysis: spongy trabecular, cancellous bone found at the ends
Diaphysis: compact cortical bone
Periosteum
vascular membrane that surrounds the outer surface of bone and in which osteoblasts are from and osteogenesis begins
Osteoblast
cells that form bone and are collagen producing
Osteocyte
once osteoblasts become trapped in matrix they produce osteocytes - star shapes cells that make up the majority of the bone in skeleton
Osteoclasts
cells that break down bone by removing the bones mineralized matrix
Intramembranous ossification
only for clavicle and cranium
mesenchymal stem cells that turn directly into bone via ossification centres
flatter/smoother bone
endochondral ossification
all other bones
gives outline for bone via cartilage which is formed by a chondrocyte
around cartilage is the perichondron which froms the periosteum to get osteoblasts to make cortical bone on the outside
cartilage on the inside starts to degenerate to form an ossification centre and the periosteum invade to produce bone within the diaphysis
There is maturation at the secondary ossification at the epiphysis at either end of the bone and that allow for growth
cortical bone on outside, trabecular/cancellous/spongy bone on inside
Remodelling
occurs every 7-10 years of the skeleton
if you are more active your skeleton will remodel more robust
your skeleton remodels based on mechanical demand of use of bones or impact on bones
Wolf’s law
bone replaces itself in direction of functional demand
ossifies more intensely in regions of mechanical stress from impact or mechanical action
Enamel
never remodels, durable and largely impermeable
permanent teeth are found above deciduous so they are there from birth
extract teeth material to compare to skeletal material you can compare what the person ate as a child and as an adult
ideal for chemical, isotopic and radiometric analysis
Femur
has high ratio of dense cortical bone which is less prone to contamination in comparison to trabecular bone
it is the biggest bone in the body it can tell you alot about a person
Skeletal Variation
ontogeny
sexual dimorphism
idiosyncratic
geographical/population based
Ontogeny
Revelas age
variation arising from the wroth of an individual
able to tell how many bones have fused together as there will be a growth plate line
the line of fusion will disappear over time, but a 25 year old will have a line at the clavicle but not the femoral epiphysis
usually can get a range between 3-4 years
Sexual dimorphism
variations between male and female
female have larger ventral arches and sciatic notches within the pelvis
males have a more distinct nuchal crest
a larger mental eminence to give square jaws in muscular men
larger mastoid processes
larger occipital condocytes
larger and broader palates
Idiosyncractic
individual variation that is normally found
Geographical/population based
someone who lived long ago and far away would have variation to someone who lived now and in another place but you need a large sample size to make these inferences
Degeneration of the skeleton
can also reveal the age
dental ware from chewing will cause teeth to drop out and if the gum has filled that will also indicate age
after early adulthood the range of age identification goes from 10-15 years
Sexual dimorphism
marked differences in male and female biology
Disease that manifests skeletally
Cavities in teeth - can get so bad that the nerve dies and retracts
you can tell if the teeth dont align the right way
Malnutrition
Harris lines on bones
enamel hypoplasia on teeth
growth plate stalls during malnutrition as do osteoblasts but not entirely, if the growth plate stops for long enough it will leave a line on the bone
enamel hypoplasia will be able to see for forever because enamel don’t remodel
Anemia
less nutritious diet
full but you are not getting the right amount of nutrients
starts to leave pockets on your skull on your frontal lobe which is your forehead
Treponematosis
caused from syphilis, yaw, and pinta
pockets in skull and bones that eventually will lead to holes
caused from a bacterium called treponema pallidum
Tuberculosis (TB)
manifests skeletally from a secondary infection
effects vertebra, ribs, sternum, and epiphysis
bone is absorbed due to infection and the TB disc collapses causing patients to be hunched over
Trauma/Stress
Violence/deformed bones
cracked skull and broken ribs you can tell that it is an impact and not an accident based on remodelling
Osteoarthritis
osteophytes form which are spurs of bone that appear on the ends of the bones that are rubbing together
degenerative disorder of joints characterized by the breakdown of the joint’s cartilage causing the articular surfaces of the bone to come in contact with one another
good way to tell age
