Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Disordered/presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer

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2
Q

Define metaplasia

A

When one cell type is replaced by a different cell type

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3
Q

Define anaplasia

A

Implying dedifferentiation, cells lacking normal structure and function

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4
Q

Explain the pictured condition

A

Traumatic neuroma –> non-neoplastic proliferation associated with previous injury of a peripheral nerve. Try to reconnect/regenerate nerve axons that have been injured, so causes the recruitment of supportive cells to elongate the axons (astrocytes etc.) which form a disorganised lump.

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5
Q

What are the 4 tyes of vascular malformations found in the brain due to disordered blood vessel formation?

A
  1. Arteriovenous malformations
  2. Cavernous malformations
  3. Capillary telangiectasias
  4. Venous angiomas
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6
Q

Why are arteriovenous malformations so serious?

A

They do not have a capillary bed so you do not get the step down in pressure between arteries and vein which can cause tearing and sudden haemorrhage.

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7
Q

Name some features of anaplastic cells.

A

May be giant

Nuclei may be hyperchromatic/variable in size/shape

Chromatin may be coarse and clumped

Mitoses may be numerous and atypical

Nucleoli may be very larger

Cells may lose normal polarity (abnormal positioning)

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8
Q

What is the most reliable feature that distinuguishes malignant from benign tumours?

A

Local invasiveness: Benign neoplasms remain localised at their site of origin.

Cancers grow by progressive infiltration, invasion, destruction and penetration of the surrounding tissue.

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9
Q

What is the most common primary site you would expect to see in a secondary brain metastases? And where else?

A

From the respiratory tract (50%), breast (15%), skin/melanoma (11%), unknown primary (11%)

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10
Q

What is tumour grading?

A

important clinical measure of the degree of abnormality of a neoplasm.

A high grade tumour is synonymous with a poor patient prognosis.

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11
Q

What type of histology would you expect in a schwannoma?

A

Regions of high density staining material and low density staining material.

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12
Q

Name 3 types of peripheral nerve sheath tumours.

A
  1. Schwannoma
  2. Neurofibroma
  3. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath
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13
Q

Name some CNS tumours and their origin cell types.

A
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14
Q

What is unique about the grading of CNS tumours compared to other tumour types.

A

CNS tumours use a malignancy scale rather than a grading scale

Grade I – Low proliferative potential and possibility of cure

Grade II – Infiltrative in nature, often reoccur despite low proliferative potential

Grade III – Evidence of malignancy including nuclear atypia and frequent mitosis

Grade IV – Malignant, mitotically active, prone to necrosis, propensity for rapid disease evolution

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15
Q

Name a proliferation marker that could be used in the diagnosis of cancer.

A

Ki67 ot MIB-1 (cell-cycle proliferation markers)

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16
Q

What are paraneoplastic effects when related to the nervous system?

A

Disorders of the nervous system caused indirectly by cancers, not by the mass action, direct invasion or metastasis of the cancer. Examples include immune responses that target the cancer may also affect cells of the nervous system and myasthenia gravis assoaciated with thymus gland cancer.