Lecture 4

Question 1

What are some differences between cytology and histology?

Answer 1

Results are faster with cytology, can be done in house, and there is no tissue microarchitecture in cytology

Opposites are true for histopathology

Question 2

What should you give to the pathologist when submitting cytology or histopathology

Answer 2

A VERY THOROUGH history

Question 3

What tubes should you put fluid samples into for cytology? Culture?

Answer 3

EDTA purple top for cytology

Plain red top for culture

Question 4

What should you first try to classify the lesion as?

Answer 4

Cystic
Hemorrhagic
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Mixed cell pop (inflammation plus atypical cells)

Question 5

What are cystic lesions/what will you see

Answer 5

Benign keratin filled lesions

Will see keratin and cholesterol crystals

Question 6

What will you see with hemorrhagic lesions

Answer 6

RBCs withOUT platelets
Hemoglobin
Macrophages containing RBCs

Question 7

What will you see with inflammatory lesions

Answer 7

Excessive WBCs

*can be neutrophilic, neutrophilic plus macrophagic, eosinophilic, lymphoplasmacytic, mixed

Question 8

Where does degeneration of neutrophils happen

Answer 8

Nucleus- karyolysis, karyorrhexis

Happens in perisperhal tissue

Question 9

What will you see with neoplastic lesions

Answer 9

Monomorphic cells

Question 10

What do benign neoplastic lesions look like

Answer 10

Cells are uniform, consistent size, consistent nuclear size, consistent nucleoli

Question 11

What are the 8 characteristics of malignant neoplasms and how many do you need for it to be malignant

Answer 11

Size variation
Shape variation
High N:C ratio
Mitotic activity
Prominent nucleoli
Coarse chromatin
Nuclear molding
Multi nucleation

Need at least three

Question 12

What will epithelial neoplasms look like?

Answer 12

Cells will be in clumps and sheets

Question 13

What will mesenchymal neoplasms look like?

Answer 13

Individual cells, spindly and wispy

Question 14

What will round cell neoplasms look like

Answer 14

Big individual round cells

Question 15

What will neuroendocrine neoplasms looks like

Answer 15

Naked nuclei

Question 16

Why is it hard to classify a mixed cell population as malignant

Answer 16

Because the neutrophils releasing myeloperoxidase causes the other cells to look atypical and mimic malignancy

Question 17

What lymph nodes should you sample when looking for lymphoma

Which should you avoid?

Answer 17

Prescapular or
Popliteal

Avoid submandibular

Question 18

What is an exudate

Answer 18

Fluid with increased cells and increased protein

Question 19

What will you see with septic exudate

Answer 19

Degenerate neutrophils
Bacterial sepsis
Acute hemorrhage

Question 20

When would you see nonseptic exudate

Answer 20

Urine or bile in the abdomen

Question 21

What will you see in chylous effusion?

Answer 21

Lots of lymphocytes

Question 22

How many joints do you need to collect synovial fluid from to make a diagnosis of polyarthropathy

Answer 22

At least two

Question 23

What will you see with inflammatory joint disease

Answer 23

Increased volume and neutrophils

Question 24

What will you see in noninflammatory abnormal synovial fluid

Answer 24

Mononuclear cells

Question 25

What does inflammatory synovial fluid usually mean in small animals?
Large animals?

Answer 25

Small animals= polyarthitis

Large animals= sepsis

Question 26

What does non inflammatory synovial fluids usually mean

Answer 26

Degenerative joint disease/osteoarthitis

*also could be trauma, hemarthrosis, neoplasia

Question 27

Where do you usually take CSF from?

Answer 27

AO or LS

Always tell pathologist which

Question 28

How long do you have to preserve or process CSF

Answer 28

60 minutes

Question 29

What abnormal findings might you see in CSF

Answer 29

Incr protein with normal cell count (Cell-protein dissociation)

Increased protein with normal cell count but increased neutrophil percentage

Pleocytosis- increased WBCs

Myelin, infectious agent, etc