Lecture 4 Flashcards
Psychometric Questions
Can you point at someone and say they are more intelligent than you are?
Can you measure it?
If you think intelligence is real, how do you measure it?
Alfred Binet (1857-1911)
Applied developmental approach, complex cognitive process
- Alfred and his student (Simon) generated Binet-Simon scale (1905)
- led to the “Stanford Binet” todays test
Binet’s Task
Identify school children with learning difficulties (new law requiring 6-14 yr olds go to school)
Binet developed concept of
Mental Age (MA) How their knowledge or skills are in compared to other students their age.
William Lewis Stern (German Psychologist, philosopher)
invented concept of the intelligence quotient, or IQ.
Concept of Intelligence Quotient
IQ= MA/CA X 100
IQ of 100, therefore meant MA=CA (No longer used)
IQ Score
1985 was the last major revision, now in its 5th edition
Includes, verbal and quantitive reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, and short term memory
Wechsler Scaled (est 1939)
Their is an adult (WAIS), children’s (WISC), and preschool (WPPSI-R)version available.
What is the most widely used scale in the world
Weschler scaled
What was one of the purpose of Weschler scaled tests?
Originally used by David Wechsler (soldier) to other soldiers during WWI
Use/Misuse of IQ Tests
- Substantially correlated to academic outcomes.
- Stable over time (after age 4)
- highly correlated to infant habituation
- Moderately correlated to work performance
- It’s psychological interpretation that cause problems.
IQ Distribution
Bell Curve
IQ scores across the population fits normal curve. (100)
Median: is the middle score
Mean: if you add it up its the average
Mode: 100 comes up the most
borderline Intellectual Functioning
Below 85 and above 70, people used to qualify as a primary disability or having a disorder. These people received benefits from the government. This no longer applies in terms of these children getting the support they need.
Mainstreaming children
Children with disabilities are put into the class with average kids and they do better, although they do not get all the support they need in for their disorder.
Multiple Intelligences
- Factor Approach (Spearman) “2 Factor Theory (G&S)
- Theory of Multiple Intelligences (Howard Gardner)
Howard Gardner (b. 1943)
Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1999)
- Linguistic - Logico-Mathematica
- Spatial Skills -Bodily-Kinesthetic skills
- Music Skills -Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal -Naturalistic Skills
Multiple Intelligence
Considered adding a 9th domain
“Existential”
oo
Misunderstanding of Gardeners Thoery
- Just because your a naturalist doesn’t mean your going to be a biologist.
- Intelligence is not the same thing as a learning style: Everyone has to adapt to the learning environment you can’t just be catered to and taught in your learning style.
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory (1985)
Analytical: closest to traditional view
Creative: insightful approach
Practical: “Street Smarts”
Developed STAT test as Assesment, rarely used
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to accuratley perceive and express emotions
(Salovey & Mayer)
-Not widely used or assessed yet
True of false
Overall, most agree there may be multiple intelligences, but even advocates (sterberg) concede they are not fully independent.
True
Controversies surrounding IQ
-Flynn Effect
-Strong genetic influences (.75)
-Cross Cultural Comparisons (East v. West)
Cultural Bias in Testing (rural v. urban, rich v. poor)
Flynn Effect
Cross-Generational Comparisons
-increase of around 3pts/a decade. Fluid (problem solving, pattern completion)
IQ gain is 15 pts/generation vs. around 9 pts crystallized IQ.
-American kids appear to be getting smarter (1932=100, 1997=120)
Strong genetic influences (.75)
Individual level: the genes you get from your mother and father will influence your IQ score.
Group level: (Geography, SES) Genetic differences fall apart.
Ethnic Comparisons
Africans vs. European yes their is a difference. Why? background struggles with poverty, impoverished school, racism, could be factors
- Confound of poverty
- discrimination and racism from teachers
Cross-cultural COmparison (East v. West)
Asians American v. European American, Asians outperform. Most likely time spent studying.
Cultural Bias in Testing (rural v. urban, rich v. poor)
- Cultural fair tests (don’t rely on english fluency or social knowledge)
- Still correlated with educational achievement
Gender Comparison
Averages the same, sub-scales may differ.
Boys and girls score the same no difference.
Females typically outperform the males
Behavioral Theories
Behaviorism: theory that dominated a therapeutic approach to autism
-Pavlov (combination of classical and operant conditioning.)
-B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Central theorist of behaviorism.
We are reactive to our environments.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism: theory that dominated a therapeutic approach to autism
B.F. Skinner
reward and punishment to control the behaviors.
Observable behaviors
are the only things we can study
reward and punishment is
defined by the person.
Will giving a marshmallow increase behavior or decrease behavior?
B.F. Skinner
wanted to carve psychology as a real science
True
He wanted to promote psychology as a real science by focusing on the systematic observation of behavior.
Behavioral Theory Strengths
- Lots of empirical evidence to support at least basic behaviors.
- deterministic and very optimistic as well, behavior can be changed by managing the environment. (B.F. Skinner) map out rewards and punishment which predicts behavior. “Controlled Environment”
- Simple process/mechanism of change (simple to understand)
Behavioral Theory Weaknesses
- No mental events
- Ignores hereditary influences
- difficult time explaining complex behavior. EX language development
Psychomeyrics
Measurement of any kind of psychological construct.
EX: personality, emotion
How do we assess them in an authentic way?
