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BMS2011: Structure of the Human Body > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which germ layer do the muscles, cartilage and bone derive from?

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

What is a somite?

A

Somites are bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form along the head to tail axis of the developing embryo in segmented animals. In vertebrates, somites give rise to the vertebrae of the spine, rib cage, (and part of the occipital bone); skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, and skin.

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3
Q

What does midline mesoderm go on to generate?

A

Prechordal plate and notochord.

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4
Q

What does Paraxial mesoderm go on to generate?

A

Head and Somites.

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5
Q

What does intermediate mesoderm go on to generate?

A

Kidney and Gonads.

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6
Q

What does lateral plate mesoderm go on to generate?

A

Splanchnic (internal organs)

Somatic

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7
Q

What “tomes” does the somite go on to generate?

A

Sclerotome - Bones and cartilage
Dermatome - Skin
Myotome - Muscle

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8
Q

In bone tissue composition, what makes up the Extracellular fibres?

A

Collagen (type 1) which gives the bone its tensile strength.

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9
Q

In bone tissue composition, what makes up the ground substance? (ECM)

A

Inorganic molecules like calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate. They form hydroxyapatite crystals.

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10
Q

What are osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

A

Osteoblasts - new bone cells, produce extracellular matrix (osteoid). Found on the surface of any developing bone area

Osteocytes - mature bone cells. have become surround by ECM. Lie in spaces within matrix called lacunae. Maintain bone matrix.

Osteoclasts - Capable of degrading and reabsorbing matrix. Found on the surface of the bone undergoing remodelling.

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of bone tissue?

A

Compact

Cancellous (spongy)

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12
Q

What is an osteon?

A

The basic functional unit of compact bone.

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13
Q

Describe the structure of an osteon

A

It has a central canal called a Haversian canal. This has an artery, a vein and a nerve. This is wrapped with concentric lamellae of bone cells. The osteocytes are located within lacunae in between the lamellae. Small canaliculi radiate from the lacunae to the blood supply. Osteons arragne together and their blood supplies are joined together by perforating (Volkmann’s) canals.

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14
Q

Instead of osteons, spongy bones are made out of what?

A

Trabecullae (branching plates)

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15
Q

How do trabecullae receive their nutrients?

A

Their canaliculi are open to the ECM and they get their nutrients through diffusion.

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16
Q

What is a diaphysis?

A

It is the elongated shaft of a long bone. The middle bit. Made of compact bone. It has yellow mellow (fat) in its medullary cavity.

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17
Q

What is an epiphysis?

A

Enlarged end of a bone with trabecullae. Made of compact and trabecullar bone. Supports articular cartilage.

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18
Q

What is a metaphysis?

A

It sits between the diaphysis and epiphysis. band of cartilage serving as growth plate.

19
Q

What is periosteum?

A

The outer shell of a bone except for articular surfaces. Junction for ligaments and tendons.

20
Q

What is endosteum?

A

internal lining of bone.

21
Q

What makes up cartilage?

A

Cartilage cells - Chondrocytes/blasts/clasts
Collagen fibres (Type II)
ECM - Water, Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulfate

22
Q

What are the 3 primary types of cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage - found in vertebral disc, menisci etc
Elastic - found in ears etc
Hyaline - found on articulating joint surfaces, also provides model during bone development.

23
Q

Does cartilage contain nerves and blood dupply?

A

No, it is both aneural and avascular.

24
Q

What is hyaline cartilage made up of?

A

Densely packed collagen fibres

25
Q

What is fibrocartilage made up of?

A

Thick wavy bundles of collagen that allow compression

26
Q

What is elastic cartilage made up of?

A

Less collagen more elastic fibres.

27
Q

What is the relationship between mobility and stability of a joint?

A

As mobility increases stability decreases. A skull is stable but not mobile. A shoulder is highly mobile but not very stable.

28
Q

What is a ‘synovial joint’?

A

A freely movable joint that is characterised by a synovial cavity (membrane and fluid), Fibrous capsule, Hyaline articular cartilage.

29
Q

What is the difference between a simple, compound and complex synovial joint?

A

A simple joint contains a single pair of surfaces.
A compound joint contains more than one surface pairs.
A complex joint contains more than one joint cavity.

30
Q

What is the function of the fibrous capsule of a joint?

A

It defines a joint boundary.
Richly innervated for pain and proprioception.
Reinforced by surrounding ligaments and tendon insertions.

31
Q

What are ligaments made of?

A

Collagen and elastic fibres linking periostea of adjacent bones.

32
Q

Are ligaments neural and vascular?

A

Rich innervation but poor vascularisation.

33
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

A fibrocartilage disc that increases joint congruence. It absorbs stress and supports specific movements.

34
Q

What is a Bursa? What are bursae?

A

Extensions of the synovial membrane near capsules. It provides a cushion between bones tendons and muscles.

35
Q

What is a nutrient foramen?

A

It is an opening through compact bone that allows neurovascular supply into the medullary cavity. Usually one at each epiphysis and one in diaphysis.

36
Q

What are the 2 says that ossification (bone development) takes place in development?

A

Intramembranous - from a membrane (flat bones of skull, clavicle)
Endochondral - from cartilage (most of the human skeleton)

37
Q

Explain how ossification happens?

A 
Connective tissue (membrane or cartilage) is invaded by blood vessel.
Osteoblasts turn connective tissue into trabecular bone at ossification centre.
Periosteum develops around connective tissue model.
Sub-periosteal osteoblasts lay down compact bone on connective tissue model.
38
Q

How many ossification sites are there in a bone?

A

Usually one at the diaphysis and one at each epiphysis.

39
Q

What 4 unique qualities do muscles have?

A

Excitability - Responsiveness to stimulation
Contractility - Fibre shortening pulls bones and or moves specific body parts.
Elasticity - The muscles ability to return to its original length.
Extensibility - Capability of extending in length in response to the contraction of opposing muscle fibres.

40
Q

Why does skeletal muscle appear striated?

A

Because it is made up of lots of sarcomeres, each stripe is a sarcomere.

41
Q

Where are the nuclei of muscle cells found?

A

Just deep to the membrane, muscle cells are multi nucleated.

42
Q

What is epimysium?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue fascia that envelopes entire muscle belly.

43
Q

What is perimysium?

A

Connective tissue septa that devides muscle belly into fasicles.

44
Q

What is endomysium?

A

Fine connective tissue extensions of perimysium that envelope individual muscle fibres.

BMS2011: Structure of the Human Body (2 decks)

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