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Physiology II test 1- mcw > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

0
Q

the Somatosensory ASSOCIATION area is made up?

A

Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7

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1
Q

the Primary somatosensory are is made up of?

A

Brodmann’s Areas 1, 2, & 3

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2
Q

Bilateral excision in Somatosensory area I results in Astereognosis. A term that describes one’s loss of ability to do what?

A

judge shapes or forms

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3
Q

a Bilateral cut in the Somatosensory area I will preserve these senses but they will be poorly localized

A

Pain and Temperature

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4
Q

Removal of somatosensory II has no apparent effect on the response of neurons in?

A

Somatosensory area I

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5
Q

The somatosensory area II (SSAII) receives signals from?

A
  1. Brain stem, transmitted Up and bilaterally
  2. secondarily from SSAII (somatosensory area II)
  3. Visual, Auditory, and other sensory areas
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6
Q

these layers of the Somatosensory cortex send information through the corpus callosum to the opposite hemisphere

A

layers II and III

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7
Q

the Superficial layers of the SS cortex function in?

A

receiving input signals from lower brain centers

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8
Q

Axons from layer VI in the SS cortex project into this part of the Brain

A

Thalamus

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9
Q

large neurons from this layer in the SS cortex project to distant areas such as basal nuclei, brain stem, and spinal cord

A

layer V

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10
Q

Receptor potentials are created in response to membrane deformation caused by touch or pressure that will open these channels

A

Modality gated sodium channels

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11
Q

if the receptor potential is strong enough, through Summation, it may generate an action potential at the first?

A

Node of Ranvier on the primary sensory neuron

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12
Q

Primary neurons are?

A

first order neurons. they originate from peripheral receptors and enter the spinal cord or brain via Dorsal roots of spinal/cranial nerves

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13
Q

Primary neurons synapse in the spinal cord with?

A

secondary neurons

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14
Q

the cell bodies of Primary neurons are located in the?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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15
Q

these neurons originate in spinal cord gray matter, travel through myelinated columns in the spinal cord, decussate, and synapse in the thalamus with Tertiary neurons

A

Secondary neurons

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16
Q

Tertiary neurons travel through internal capsule, which is a myelinated pathway between thalamus and basal nuclei, to synapse in?

A

the somatosensory cortex

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17
Q

this touch refers to the ability to distinguish two separate points as close as 2mm apart.

A

Two-Point Discrimination

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18
Q

two Point discrimination travels in the?

A

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

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19
Q

why is Lateral inhibition important in the Cerebral cortex?

A

blocks the lateral spread of excitatory signals, thereby increasing the degree of contrast in the cerebral cortex

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20
Q

Lateral inhibition occurs at these three sites

A

Dorsal Column nuclei
Ventrobasal nuclei of thalamus
somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

Peripheral sensory neurons originate from?

A

receptors in the periphery

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22
Q

the Dorsal Column-medial lemniscal pathway also carries these neurons

A

Primary neurons

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23
Q

Axons from the lower limbs travel in the medial portions of the two dorsal columns called the?

A

fasciculus Gracilis

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24
Q

axons from the Upper limbs travel in the lateral portions of the two dorsal columns called the?

A

fasciculus Cuneatus

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25
Q

axons in the fasciculus gracilis synapse in the lower medulla in the?

A

Nucleus gracilis

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26
Q

axons in the fasciculus cuneatus synapse in the lower medulla in the?

A

Nucleus cuneatus

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27
Q

Secondary neurons travel through the brain stem as paired tracts referred to as the?

A

medial lemniscus

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28
Q

Secondary neurons synapse in this part of the brain with Tertiary neurons

A

basolateral nucleus of the Thalamus

29
Q

Decussation occurs with these neurons

A

Secondary

30
Q

primary sensory neurons travel (up/down) through dorsal columns of spinal cord into (upper/lower) Medulla and synapsing with _____ in the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus of the medulla

A

up
lower
Secondary neurons

31
Q

Secondary neurons ascend up the brainstem to the?

A

Thalamus

32
Q

tertiary neurons synapse with secondary neurons in the Thalamus and travel to?

A

Somatosensory cortex

33
Q

Nociceptors are what type of receptor

A

pain receptor

34
Q

Fast pain is carried by?

A

A-Delta pain fibers

35
Q

A-delta pain fibers typically terminate in____ of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord

A

Lamina I marginalis

36
Q

Slow pain is carried by?

A

C type fibers

37
Q

This type of pain is described as aching, slow burning, throbbing, nauseous, and chronic

A

Slow pain

38
Q

Slow pain terminates in____of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord

A

Layers II and III (Substantia gelatinosa)

39
Q

Nerve fiber type C is classified as sensory nerve? and associated with this motor function

A

IV-sympathetic

40
Q

which path does Pain travel?

A

Anterolateral pathway

41
Q

anterolateral pain pathway is made up of?

A

Secondary fibers that decussate

42
Q

fast pain fibers make up these tracts and synapse/terminate in the Ventrobasal nuclei of the Thalamus

A

Neospinothalamic

43
Q

slow pain fibers make up this pathway

A

Paleospinothalamic

44
Q

A-delta fibers of the fast pain path use this amino acid as their Neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

45
Q

where do most paleospinothalamic secondary fibers terminate?

A

throughout the brain stem, but some pass all the way to the thalamus.

46
Q

C type slow fibers release substance P faster than Glutamate. T or F?

A

false, substance P is released more slowly while Glutamate acts instantaneously

47
Q

What occurs as the result of a Hemisection of the spinal cord?

A

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

48
Q

All ____ functions are blocked on the side of the transection in all segments (above or Below) the level of the transection

A

Motor, below

49
Q

In Brown-Sequard Syndrome, which sensations are lost?

A

pain, heat, and cold in the Spinothalamic pathway are lost on the opposite side of the body in Dermatomes 2-6 segments below the transection level.

50
Q

Can you lose two-point discrimination in Brown-Sequard Syndrome?

A

yes, on the side of the transection in all dermatomes below the transection

51
Q

Periaquaductal Gray and Periventricular regions of Brainstem and third ventricle
Raphe magnus nucleus and reticular nuclei in Medulla
PAIN inhibitory complex in dorsal horns of spinal cord.
are three major components of this System

A

The Analgesia System

52
Q

What type of neuron is from the Nucleus raphe magnus?

A

Serotonergic neuron

53
Q

What are the three types of receptors that Discriminate thermal gradations

A

cold, warmth, and Pain

54
Q

Warmth nerve endings are mainly transmitted by?

A

C type Fibers

55
Q

Cold receptors are more numerous than warm nerve receptors and transmitted by?

A

small, type A-delta myelinated endings.

56
Q

Thermal signals are transmitted in pathways parallel to?

A

pain signals

57
Q

cold and warmth receptors are thought to be stimulated by changes in?

A

metabolic rates

58
Q

Heat pain receptors kick in around 45 degrees celsius and send how many impulses per second?

A

10

59
Q

cold receptors stop sending signals at what temp?

A

right before heat pain receptors kick in. ~45 celsius

60
Q

this pain type occurs when visceral pain fibers are stimulated and stimulate some of the pain fibers that conduct pain signals from the skin.

A

Referred pain

61
Q

All visceral pain from the Thoracic and abdominal cavities is transmitted by?

A

C type pain fibers

62
Q

Severe Referred pain results when there is diffuse stimulation of pain nerve endings throughout the viscera caused by such things as?

A

Ischemia- a restriction of blood supply to tissues. usually from thrombosis and can lead to Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) or Cerebrovascular attack (Stroke)

63
Q

Ascending tracts are designated on which side?

A

the RIGHT

64
Q

descending tracts are designated on which side?

A

the LEFT

65
Q

Spinothalamic is a descending or ascending tract?

A

ascending. going from the SPINE to the Thalamus. see the word roots? should help you figure it out.

66
Q

the result of pain referred to the surface of the head from deep head structures are called?

A

Headaches

67
Q

The Brain is Insensitive to pain. True or False

A

true. so don’t poke it! the reason why Brain surgery is performed while the patient is under a light Anesthesia for the skin and skull

68
Q

What are the three areas of Headache?

A

Cerebral Vault

Nasal sinus and eye

Brain stem and Cerebellar vault

69
Q

esophogeal pain or Gastric reflex can be referred pain for what other major event?

A

a Heart problem- possibly heart attack

Physiology II test 1- mcw (8 decks)

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