Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psyc 305 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is humanistic / phenomenological perspective?

A

Focuses on the individuals subjective experience and personal growth, self actualization and importance of free will
- Clinical research-based
- application of motive theory (explain the underlying reasons(motives) behind people’s behaviors) to improve lives

Focus on:
-Conscious motives, a
-Awareness of needs, phenomenology (subjective, conscious experience), individual responsibility for life outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Humanistic perspective: basic assumptions

A
  1. Emphasis oredityn subjective reality (phenomenology)
    - individual differences in how reality is perceived
    - subjective reality > objective
  2. Self-actualization:
    people are intrinsically good
    Strike for health, maturity, and autonomy
  3. Growth based, not need based
  4. Universal need for positive self-regard (view)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Developed theory of human needs:
- focus on self actualization, self-esteem, belongingness
- introduced hierarchy of needs:
prepotency: lower needs must be met first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Maslow hierarchy of needs

A

Pyramid structure of needs:

  • physiological needs: food, water, air, sleep, sex
  • safety needs: shelter, security, freedom from danger
  • belongingness & love need: affiliation, relationships, group identity
  • esteem needs: being held in high regard by self and others, mastery, achievement
  • self-actualization: fulfillment of ones potential, creativity, personal growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Characteristics of a self-actualized person

A

Self acceptance, solitude, independence from culture, frequent peak experiences, creativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are peak experiences according to Maslow?

A
  • time and place are transcended
  • Unity of self with the universe
  • feelings of power and wonder
  • common in psychologically healthy individuals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Problems with Maslows hierarchy
Modern take on maslows hierarchy

A
  • Aspirational, not normative (it’s what people “should” strive for, but doesn’t necessarily reflect what they actually do. focuses on idealized, then reality)

-Lack of scientific evidence (no research that people intrinsically strive for self-actualization)

  • Inconsistent with evolutionary theory (behaviros like creativity may be linked with survival rather than self-fulfilment)

Modern view:
-Based on evolutionary and empirical needs
- Psychological needs are important, not just physical ones
- No evidence for innate string for self-actualization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carl Roger’s view of self-actualization
(Carl Rogers’ view on human nature?)

A
  • People are intrinsically good
    (Society plays a role in nurturing or hindering this innate goodness)
  • strive for self-understanding, acceptance, maturity, and autonomy
  • society can help individuals develop their innate goodness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rogers’ Client-Centered Therapy consists of

A
  • Therapist shows trust, acceptance, empathy
  • Unconditional positive regard
  • Client can express and accept their authentic self
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Self-awareness (according to Susan Harper)

A
  • Two aspects: “I” (active observer) and “me” (observed self)
  • differentiation between the observer and the observed self
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

William James’ duality of self

A

“Me”: self as an object that can be observed
“I”: self as the agent that perceives and observes
Self-consciousness arises from the “I” self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Definitions of self-consciousness and self-concept and self-esteem?

A

Self-consciousness=”i” (self awareness active observer)
Self-concept = “me”. (Conception of self as a physical, social, psychological, moral, being)
Self-esteem= global evaluation (positive-vs negative) of oneself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does twenty statements test assess?

A

Personal characteristics (friendly), ascribed identity (race), social identifies (student), interests, material possessions, existential Statements (“iam a person”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Linguistic markers of self

A

refer to the ways in which young children use language to show an emerging sense of self. These markers typically start to appear around 18 months of age

  • Self-referencing language (i,me, mine)
  • nonverbal recognition of self
  • narrative language use (reference to personal events)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cognitive-behavioral markers of self

A

are specific behaviours and cognitive abilities that indicate a developing sense of self in young children. These markers typically emerge between 18-24 months

  • imitation , role taking
  • mirror self-recognition (rougue test)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Animals that show mirror self-recognition

A

Chimps, elephants, humans, etc

17
Q

Emotional markers of self

A

refer to the emotional responses that indicate a developing sense of self-awareness in young children, typically around 2.5 to 3 years old

Self conscious emotions, Shame, guilt, embarrassment
Requires self evaluation the I self evaluates the ME
Empathy

18
Q

Rogue test

A

Tests self-recognition
Child (18.24 m) or animal makes with red spot (rogue) on face
If touches their face in the mirror, shows they recognize themself

19
Q

The Looking glass self

A

the idea that the concept of Self is socially constructed

and our Sense of self is shaped by how others perceive and react to us

and on our Life long process of seeing ourselves through others perspectives

20
Q

How does social interaction relate to the looking glass self?

A
  • Pre social media, uni students interacted w 50 people und 146 interactions/week
  • with social media, these numbers are likely higher
    Raises question: do we have a different self for each reaction

Social interaction, whether in-person or online, plays a crucial role in shaping our self-perception

The Looking Glass Self highlights the idea that we may have multiple selves, depending on the feedback we receive from different social interactions

21
Q

Unitary us multiple selves

A

Unitary self: viewing oneself similarly across different social roles

Multiple selves: different,y (eg. Daughter vs friend vs student vs worker)

22
Q

What were the findings of the study on people with unitary vs multiple selves?

A

Multiple selves associated with:
- lower well being and self esteem during uni and mid life
- frequent relationship and career changes
Unitary self associated with greater psychological stability

23
Q

What is the def of self-esteem?

and How can it be measured?

A
  • Evaluation (+ or -) of ones self as a physical social psychological moral being
  • Two components
    1. Affective component: Feelings about oneself (self liking)
    2. Cognitive component: Thoughts about ones competencies and abilities

Measured through self report scales (Eg. Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, a 10-item scale like “I feel that i have good qualities”), Observer report (rating from parents teachers), Pictorial measures for children)

24
Q

Average self esteem score for undergraduates

A

3.85 on a scale from 1 to 5
Sample of 1,643 psych students

25
Q

What did the longitudinal study of undergraduates self esteem measure? and how ddi is change over the years

A
  • Using rosenberg scale

Start of Year 1
Enf of 1st semester
End of Year 1, 2, 3, and 4

  • Generally declines after the first semester
  • Gradual increase across the later years
  • Significant changes related to university experiences and performance

Some students with declining self-esteem
“College shattered my confidence”
Feeling of inadequacy compared to others

Increasing self-esteem
“Proud of my accomplishments”
Motivated by grades to improve

26
Q

How does self-esteem change across lifespan?

A

Fluctuates at different life stages
Generally rises during adulthood and may decline in later years

27
Q

What was the methodology of the cross-sectional self-esteem study?
Findings?

A
  • Online questionarire with self esteem assesses via a single item:
    “I have high self esteem”
  • Rates on a 5-point scale from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”

Findings:
Self esteem increased with age
Higher self esteem in adults (24-60) compared to adolescents (9-23)
Declines in self esteem in the elderly pop (71-90)

so rises during adolescence , peaks middle adulthood, gradual decline in late adulthood

28
Q

Self esteem in US vs Canada

A

Similar trends in both

29
Q

Limitations of the cross sectional internet study on self esteem

A
  • Sample selectivity: Internet users may. not be representative of general population
  • Cross-sectional design: Cannot capture individual changes overtime
  • Cohort effects: Differences between generations may influence
  • Selective morality: Higher self esteem may be linked to longevity (older individuals pop representation)
30
Q

What did the 20/20 video suggest about self-esteem and aggression?

and so what does that reveal

A

People with high narcissism, not self esteem, became aggressive after ego threats

Narcissism was measured using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI)

So what is the difference between narcissism and high self esteem?
- High self esteem is not problematic
- Narcissism involves inflated self worth and can lead to aggression after ego threats

31
Q

What is the criticism of self esteem programs for kids?

A
  • Concerns about creating a generation of narcissist
  • Origins of narcissism:
    Unrealistic, idealized positive feedback,
    Positive feedback without actual accomplishments (Eg. Everyone gets a trophy!”)
32
Q

How can positive illusions be harmful?

A
  • Inflated pride is easily wounded (threatened egotism)
  • Excessive pride can lead to shame-rage spiral, resulting in anger, aggression
  • Narcissism is often rooted in deep-seated shame and insecurity
33
Q

How do narcissists react to shame?

A

Externalize blame to avoid shame
Blaming others causes shame to turn into anger
This can lead to aggressive behaviors

34
Q

What were the findings regrding poitive illusions in undergrad students

A

Students with positive illusions about academic abilities
- Initially happier, but less happy over time
- Did not perform better academically despite high expectations
- More likely to disengage from school and even drop out

Students showed gradual declines in self esteem over uni years
More likely to experience negative outcomes in the long term

35
Q

2017 study on overconfidence in hs boys

A

Overconfidence about intelligence led to increases in self esteem over time

Overconfidence in sports led to increased effort and popularity

36
Q

Short term and long term effects of poitive illusions

A

Short term:
- increased psychological well being and self esteem
- Better performance on experimental tasks

Long term consequnces:
- Decreasing well being and self esteem in uni students
More likely to disengage and drop out

37
Q

What does it mean to be a fully functioning person according to Rogers?

A

Open to experience, in touch with feelings, and able to live freely without distortion or denial

Person lives according to their true self and has a high degree of self-awareness

38
Q
A

Psyc 305 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions