Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

3 main functions of the respiratory system

A

Ventilate
Perfuse
Diffuse

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2
Q

During hypoventilation what accumulates in the lungs?

A

Carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What what is the result of hyperventilation in regards to blood gases

A

Respiratory alkalosis
PH increases
CO2 decreases

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4
Q

What are the turbinates

A

Highly vascular ridges covered with mucosa membranes that trap particulates and warm and humidifier air passing through the nares

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5
Q

Why is it important to monitor a patient’s speech in allergic reaction

A

The airway can swell quickly causing a blockage and respiratory distress

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6
Q

What is the dividing line between the upper and lower airways

A

The glottic opening

Marked externally by the thyroid Cartlidge

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7
Q

What are the two zones of the airway

A

Conducting zone

Respiratory zone

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8
Q

What does the conducting zone consist of

A

The upper airway, Trachea, primary bronchus, Bronchial tree

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9
Q

What does the respiratory zone consist of

A

Terminal bronchioles
Alveolar sacs
Alveolus

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10
Q

What covers the conducting airways all the way to the segmental bronchi and causes bronchoconstriction in dilation

A

Smooth muscle

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11
Q

Wheezing that is not relieved by bronchodilators is caused by what

A

Damage to the parenchyma (Lung tissue) which consists of bronchioles and alveoli

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12
Q

What is a goblet cell responsible for

A

Produces mucus which allows cilia to move particles

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13
Q

What are cilia

A

Hair like structures lining the trachea and bronchi that move particles up and out of the airway

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14
Q

Does parenchyma have smooth muscle, cilia and goblet cells

A

No

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15
Q

What two types of cells make up alveoli

A

Type I: almost empty

Type II: can make a new type I cells

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16
Q

What does surfactant do

A

Reduce surface tension to keep alveoli open.

17
Q

What can cause surfactant to be washed away

A

Toxic inhalation or near drowning or anything else that causes pulmonary edema

18
Q

What is polycythemia

A

An over abundance of thick blood characteristic in COPD patients
Strains the right side of the heart and leads to cor pulmonale

19
Q

What are the two main types of respiratory control

A

Lung receptors and chemo receptors

20
Q

3 types of lung receptors

A

Irritant receptors
Stretch receptors
J receptors

21
Q

What do irritant receptors do

A

initiate cough reflex in the conducting airway

22
Q

What do stretch receptors do

A

Hering-Breuer Reflex, protects lung against over inflation

23
Q

What do J receptors do

A

sensitive to increased pulmonary capillary pressure, initiates rapid shallow breathing hypotension and bradycardia

24
Q

What are two types of chemoreceptors

A

Central

Peripheral

25
Where are central chemoreceptors located and how do they work
Located in the respiratory centers of the brain | Senses (pH) hydrogen ion concentration in the CSF which reflects the PaCO2 in the blood
26
Where are peripheral chemo receptors located and how do they work
Aortic and carotid bodies and aortic arch | Sensitive to oxygen levels and signal increased ventilation as PaO2 and pH decrease