Lecture Flashcards
3 main functions of the respiratory system
Ventilate
Perfuse
Diffuse
During hypoventilation what accumulates in the lungs?
Carbon dioxide
What what is the result of hyperventilation in regards to blood gases
Respiratory alkalosis
PH increases
CO2 decreases
What are the turbinates
Highly vascular ridges covered with mucosa membranes that trap particulates and warm and humidifier air passing through the nares
Why is it important to monitor a patient’s speech in allergic reaction
The airway can swell quickly causing a blockage and respiratory distress
What is the dividing line between the upper and lower airways
The glottic opening
Marked externally by the thyroid Cartlidge
What are the two zones of the airway
Conducting zone
Respiratory zone
What does the conducting zone consist of
The upper airway, Trachea, primary bronchus, Bronchial tree
What does the respiratory zone consist of
Terminal bronchioles
Alveolar sacs
Alveolus
What covers the conducting airways all the way to the segmental bronchi and causes bronchoconstriction in dilation
Smooth muscle
Wheezing that is not relieved by bronchodilators is caused by what
Damage to the parenchyma (Lung tissue) which consists of bronchioles and alveoli
What is a goblet cell responsible for
Produces mucus which allows cilia to move particles
What are cilia
Hair like structures lining the trachea and bronchi that move particles up and out of the airway
Does parenchyma have smooth muscle, cilia and goblet cells
No
What two types of cells make up alveoli
Type I: almost empty
Type II: can make a new type I cells
What does surfactant do
Reduce surface tension to keep alveoli open.
What can cause surfactant to be washed away
Toxic inhalation or near drowning or anything else that causes pulmonary edema
What is polycythemia
An over abundance of thick blood characteristic in COPD patients
Strains the right side of the heart and leads to cor pulmonale
What are the two main types of respiratory control
Lung receptors and chemo receptors
3 types of lung receptors
Irritant receptors
Stretch receptors
J receptors
What do irritant receptors do
initiate cough reflex in the conducting airway
What do stretch receptors do
Hering-Breuer Reflex, protects lung against over inflation
What do J receptors do
sensitive to increased pulmonary capillary pressure, initiates rapid shallow breathing hypotension and bradycardia
What are two types of chemoreceptors
Central
Peripheral
Where are central chemoreceptors located and how do they work
Located in the respiratory centers of the brain
Senses (pH) hydrogen ion concentration in the CSF which reflects the PaCO2 in the blood
Where are peripheral chemo receptors located and how do they work
Aortic and carotid bodies and aortic arch
Sensitive to oxygen levels and signal increased ventilation as PaO2 and pH decrease
