Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproduction Week 3 > Lecture 32: Fetal Pathology > Flashcards

Lecture 32: Fetal Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the congenital TORCH infections?

A 
Toxoplasmosis
Other = syphilis and parvovirus B19
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes (both hematogenous and ascending spread)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the triad of symptoms that rubella causes?

A
  1. cataracts
  2. hearing loss
  3. heart murmur
    3-11 weeks of gestation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the triad of cytomegalovirus symptoms?

A
  1. Chorioretinitis
  2. Cerebral calcifications
  3. microcephaly
    Highest risk in first trimester
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the perinatal period?

A

From conception to 1st week of birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the neonatal period?

A

From birth to 4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is pre-term? Term? Post term?

A

Pre-term is conception to 38 weeks
Term is 38-42 weeks
Post-term = after 42 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the most common chromosomal aberrations?

A
  1. Trisomy 21
  2. turners
  3. Trisomy 13 and 18
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the key characteristics of turners?

A

Most common cause of early pregnancy loss
Characterized by cystic hygroma with hydrops (fluid outpouching of neck)
Horeshoe kidney and bicuspid aortic valves
Very heterogeneous disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the histological features of CMV?

A

One single owl eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place in fetus?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the risk factors for preterm birth?

A
  1. Preterem premature rupture of placental membranes (PPROM)
  2. intrauterine infection
  3. uterine, cervical and placental structural abnormalities
  4. multiple gestation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the association of fetal size and placental size?

A

Direct correlation between placenta and fetus size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the complications of prematurity?

A
  1. Hyaline membrane disease and chronic neonatal lung disease
  2. Necrotizing enterocolitis
  3. Intraventricular hemorrhage
  4. Sepsis
  5. developmental delay (long term complications)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the characteristics of hyaline membrane disease?

A

Most common cause of respiratory distress in newborns
Difficulty breathing within 30 minutes of birth
Cyanosis within hours
Granular densities described as ground glass seen
Damages endothelial cells so no surfactant and less gas exchange taking place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you treat hyaline membrane disease?

A

Administration of exogenous surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic neonatal lung disease?

A

Nodular with multiple fissures
Lung should feel firm and cystic
What happens when damage can’t be repaired

17
Q

What are the characteristics of necrotizing enterocolitis?

A
  1. Immaturity of GI tract includes motility, digestion, circulatory regulation, and barrier function
  2. pathogenesis includes
    i. intestinal immaturity
    ii. immune immaturity
    iii. ischemia and hypoxia
    iv. genetic predisposition
    v. feeding practices
  3. increased risk with decreasing birth weight
  4. presents with feeding intolerance, abdominal distentionand bloody stools
  5. high mortality, increasing incidence, looks clear in gross appearance + hemorrhagic appearance
18
Q

What are the longterm complications of necrotizing enterocolitis?

A
  1. neurodevelopmental delay
  2. growth delay
  3. bowel strictures, short gut syndrome, abdominal adhesios with obstruction
19
Q

What is a germinal matrix?

A

A transient structure comprised of glial and neuronal cells with a dense venous network
Birthplace of the neurons

20
Q

What are the characteristics in intraventricular hemorrhage in germinal matrix?

A

If baby is born too soon, then baby has bleeding in germinal matrix that spills into lateral ventricles
Occurs within hours of birth

21
Q

What is the classification of low birth weight?

A

2500 grams

22
Q

What percentage of births are preterm?

A

12%

23
Q

What is the significance of growth restriction?

A

Full-term infants may suffer from functional immaturity if their growth is restricted
Increase morbidity due to growth restriction

24
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

Cancer that arises from transformed MESENCHYMAL cells

-made of bone, fat, muscle, vascular or hematopioietic tissue

25
Q

What are mesenchymal cells?

A

Undifferentiated loose connective tissue derived from mesoderm mostly

26
Q

What are the types of congenital tumors?

A
  1. hemangiomas
  2. teratomas
  3. neruoblastoma
  4. leukemia/lymphoma
  5. hepatoblastoma
  6. congenital mesoblastic nephroma
  7. infantile fibrosarcoma
27
Q

What are the most common tumors in infants?

A

Hemangiomas
Benign
Massive size

28
Q

What are common malignant neoplasms from 0-4 years?

A
  1. leukemia
  2. retinoblastoma
  3. neuroblastoma
  4. Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)
  5. hepatoblastoma
  6. soft-tissue sarcoma
  7. teratoma
  8. CNS tumors
29
Q

What are the mechanisms of disease in the fetus and neonate?

A

MOA in fetus and neonate include anomalous development, infection, neoplasia and unique complications of prematurity

30
Q

What is the significance of restricted intrauterine growth and low birth weight?

A

Restricted intrauterine growth and low birth weight increased morbidity and mortality in the perinatal period

Reproduction Week 3 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions