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membranes and receptors > Lecture 3.2: Cholinergic and Adrenergic Transmission > Flashcards

Lecture 3.2: Cholinergic and Adrenergic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 Types of Cholinergic Receptors?

A

Muscarinic or Nicotinic

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2
Q

How many types of muscarinic receptor?

A
  • 5 types of muscarinic receptor (M1-M5)
  • M1,3,5 are GPCRs (Gq) mediated by inositol lipid
    signalling
  • M2,4 act through Gi to open K+ channels
    resulting in hyperpolarisation
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3
Q

M1 Receptors: Where are they found? Role?

A
  • Essentially neural receptors, CNS, PNS parietal
    cells
  • Mediate excitatory events by reducing K+
    conductance resulting in hyperpolarisation
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4
Q

M2 Receptors: Where are they found? Role?

A
  • Cardiac Cells
  • Work by increasing K+ conductance
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5
Q

M3 Receptors: Where are they found? Role?

A
  • Glandular and Smooth Muscle
  • Mainly excitatory e.g. increasing secretions and
    contraction of visceral smooth muscle
  • NB may also relax some vascular smooth muscle
    via the production of nitric oxide
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6
Q

M4/M5 Receptors: Where are they found? Role?

A
  • Located mainly in CNS
  • Lack of clarity on role
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7
Q

What are the 3 Types of Nicotinic Receptors?

A
  • Muscular (skeletal neuromuscular junction)
  • Ganglionic (SANS and PANS)
  • CNS (many are presynaptic and facilitate the release of
    other transmitters)
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8
Q

SANS: Where do cell bodies of preganglionic neurones originate?

A

Originate in the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord (T1- L2/3)

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9
Q

PANS: Where do cell bodies of preganglionic neurones originate?

A

Located in the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord

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10
Q

PANS: Where do cell bodies of preganglionic neurones originate?

A
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11
Q

Where is the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) Located? (2)

A
  • Submucosal Plexus (Meissners Plexus)
  • Myenteric Plexus (Auerbachs Plexus)
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12
Q

What does the ANS do?

A
  • Regulates physiological functions
  • Where parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
    both innervate a tissue they often have opposite
    effects
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13
Q

Where does the SANS outflow?

A

Thoraco-lumbar outflow

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14
Q

How do axons of the SANS leave the spinal cord?

A

Axons leave the spinal cord via the ventral root and initially enter the spinal nerve

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15
Q

What happens to SANS axons after they leave the spinal nerve? (3)

A
  • Leave the nerve (via the white rami communicantes)
  • Before synapsing with post-ganglionic neurons in
    the paravertebral ganglia
  • Before renetring the spinal nerve (via grey rami
    communicantes)
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16
Q

The sympathetic ganglia (…1… ganglia) form two …2… trunks of interconnected ganglia either side of the vertebral column

A

1) paravertebral
2) parallel

17
Q

Preganglionic fibres to abdominal structures form the
…1… nerves which synapse in either the coeliac,
superior and inferior …2… ganglia

A

1) splanchnic
2) mesenteric

18
Q

Innervation of the adrenal medulla: Preganglionic fibres in the splanchnic nerves synapse directly with …1… cells

A

1) chromaffin

19
Q

Where does the PANS outflow?

A

Cranio-sacral outflow

20
Q

Ganglia of PANS located close to or sometimes embedded in the…..?

A

organ they innervate

21
Q

What is Acetylcholine (ACh) is Synthesised from?

A
  • Choline and Acetyl-CoA
  • Reaction is catalysed by choline acetyltransferase
22
Q

Types of Cholinergic Receptors (2)

A

Nicotinic
Muscarinic

23
Q

How many types of muscarinic receptors are there?

A
  • 5 types of muscarinic receptor
  • M1-M5
24
Q

What muscarinic receptors are GPCRs (Gq
) mediated by inositol lipid signalling?

A

M1,3,5

25
Q

M2,4 act through …1… to open K+ channels resulting in hyperpolarisation

A

1) Gi

26
Q

What are M1 receptors?

A
  • Essentially neural receptors
  • CNS, PNS parietal cells
  • Mediate excitatory events by reducing K+
    conductance resulting in hyperpolarisation
27
Q

What are M2 receptors?

A
  • Cardiac
  • Work by increasing K+ conductance
28
Q

What are M3 receptors?

A
  • Glandular and Smooth Muscle
  • Mainly excitatory e.g. increasing secretions and
    contraction of visceral smooth muscle
  • NB may also relax some vascular smooth muscle via
    the production of nitric oxide
29
Q

What are M4/5 receptors?

A
  • Located mainly in CNS
  • Lack of clarity on role
30
Q

What are the 3 Main Types of Nicotinic Receptors?

A
  • Muscular (skeletal neuromuscular junction)
  • Ganglionic (SANS and PANS)
  • CNS (many are presynaptic and facilitate the release
    of other transmitters)
31
Q

What is noradrenaline synthesised from?

A

Synthesised via dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and dopamine from tyrosine

32
Q

What is noradrenaline inactivated by?

A

The enzymes MAO and COMT

33
Q

What are the Classes of Adrenoceptors? (2)

A

α or β

34
Q

What are the Classes of Adarenoreceptors based on?

A

Based on the rank order of potencies of
various catecholamines

35
Q

Order of potencies of catecholamines in α-adrenoreceptors?

A

Noradrenaline>Adrenaline>Isoprenaline

36
Q

Order of potencies of catecholamines in β-adrenoreceptors?

A

Isoprenaline>Adrenaline>Noradrenaline

37
Q

How are α-adrenoreceptors catagorised?

A
  • 2 subdivisions of α – α1 and α2
  • Each of which has 3 subdivisions (1A, 1B, 1D and 2A,
    2B and 2C)
38
Q

How are β-adrenoreceptors catagorised?

A

3 subdivisions of β – β1, β2 and β3

membranes and receptors (19 decks)

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