LECTURE 3: VASCULATURE Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
What do arteries do?
A
Carry blood away from the heart.
3
Q
What are arterioles?
A
Smaller arteries leading to capillary beds.
4
Q
What are capillary beds?
A
Site of exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products.
5
Q
What are venules?
A
Small veins that collect blood from capillary beds.
6
Q
What do veins do?
A
Carry blood toward the heart.
7
Q
What type of blood do arteries carry?
A
Oxygenated blood away from the heart.
8
Q
What type of blood do veins carry?
A
Deoxygenated blood toward the heart.
9
Q
What is anastomosis?
A
Connections between vessels that provide alternative pathways for blood flow (collateral flow).
10
Q
What is angiogenesis?
A
Formation of new blood vessels; occurs in response to metabolic need.
11
Q
What are the three layers of arteries?
A
- Tunica externa (outer layer)
- Tunica media (middle layer)
- Tunica interna (inner layer)
12
Q
What does the tunica externa contain?
A
Elastin and collagen.
13
Q
What is the function of the tunica externa?
A
Support and protection.
14
Q
What does the tunica media contain?
A
Smooth muscle.
15
Q
What is vascular tone?
A
Controls the size of the lumen.
16
Q
What does the tunica interna contain?
A
Internal elastic lamina, endothelium, and basement membrane.
17
Q
What are elastic arteries?
A
Largest arteries (e.g., aorta, pulmonary trunk) that expand to absorb blood pressure.
18
Q
What are muscular arteries?
A
Thick, muscular arteries that control blood distribution.
19
Q
What are arterioles?
A
Smallest arteries that feed into capillary beds and regulate vascular resistance.
20
Q
What are capillaries?
A
Exchange vessels where material exchange between blood and tissues occurs.
21
Q
What is the diameter of capillaries?
A
Approximately 10 μm.
22
Q
What is the structure of veins compared to arteries?
A
Simpler than arteries; no elastic laminae.
23
Q
What are the three layers of veins?
A
- Tunica externa
- Tunica media
- Tunica interna
24
Q
What facilitates blood movement in veins?
A
Muscle milking, respiratory milking, venae comitantes, and valves.
25
What are the great vessels?
The largest vessels in the body, directly connected to the heart.
26
What does the ascending aorta do?
Carries oxygenated blood to systemic circulation from the left ventricle.
27
What does the pulmonary trunk do?
Carries deoxygenated blood to pulmonary circulation from the right ventricle.
28
What do the venae cavae do?
Carry deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation to the right atrium.
29
What do pulmonary veins do?
Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium.
30
What branches from the ascending aorta?
Right and left coronary arteries.
31
What are the branches of the arch of the aorta?
Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery.
32
What do the visceral branches of the descending aorta supply?
Organs such as bronchial, pericardial, mediastinal, and esophageal arteries.
33
What do the parietal branches of the descending aorta supply?
Thoracic wall.
34
Where is the common carotid artery located?
In the lateral neck, deep to the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle.
35
What does the internal carotid artery supply?
Cranial cavity, brain, orbit, and forehead.
36
What does the external carotid artery supply?
Neck, face, and scalp.
37
What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
1. Superior thyroid artery
2. Ascending pharyngeal artery
3. Lingual artery
4. Facial artery
5. Occipital artery
6. Posterior auricular artery
7. Maxillary artery
8. Superficial temporal artery
38
What is the Internal Carotid Artery?
It ascends the neck and enters the cranial cavity through the carotid canal.
39
What does the Internal Carotid Artery supply?
It supplies the cranial cavity, brain, orbit, and forehead.
40
What are the branches of the Internal Carotid Artery?
Ophthalmic artery, Middle cerebral artery, Anterior cerebral artery, Anterior communicating artery, Posterior communicating arteries.
41
What is the origin of the Subclavian Artery?
Right: Brachiocephalic trunk; Left: Arch of the aorta.
42
What does the Subclavian Artery supply?
It supplies the neck, upper limb, and portions of the anterior thoracic wall.
43
What are the parts of the Subclavian Artery?
1st part (Before anterior scalene), 2nd part (Behind anterior scalene), 3rd part (After anterior scalene).
44
What are the branches of the 1st part of the Subclavian Artery?
Vertebral artery, Internal thoracic artery, Thyrocervical trunk.
45
What does the Vertebral artery supply?
It supplies the brain and spinal cord.
46
What does the Internal thoracic artery supply?
It supplies the thoracic wall, breast, and diaphragm.
47
What does the Thyrocervical trunk supply?
It supplies muscles of the neck and shoulder, and the thyroid gland.
48
What is the continuation of the Subclavian Artery?
It becomes the Axillary artery at the 1st rib.
49
What does the Axillary Artery supply?
It supplies the thoracic wall, shoulder, and scapular region.
50
What does the Brachial Artery supply?
It supplies the brachium (upper arm).
51
What are the branches of the Brachial Artery?
Deep artery of the arm; divides into Radial artery (lateral) and Ulnar artery (medial) at the cubital fossa.
52
What does the Radial artery form?
It forms the deep palmar arch.
53
What does the Ulnar artery form?
It forms the superficial palmar arch.
54
What do the palmar arches do?
The deep and superficial palmar arches anastomose.
55
What is the continuation of the thoracic aorta?
It continues as the abdominal aorta at the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm (~T12).
56
What does the abdominal aorta supply?
It supplies the GI tract, other abdominal organs, and abdominal walls.
57
Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
It bifurcates into common iliac arteries at L4.
58
What are the anterior branches of the abdominal aorta?
Celiac trunk (~T12), Superior mesenteric artery (~L1), Inferior mesenteric artery (~L3).
59
What are the lateral branches of the abdominal aorta?
Middle suprarenal arteries (~L1), Renal arteries (~L1), Gonadal arteries (~L2).
60
What are the posterolateral branches of the abdominal aorta?
Inferior phrenic arteries (~T12), Lumbar arteries (~L1-L4).
61
What does the Celiac trunk supply?
It supplies the foregut: abdominal esophagus to proximal duodenum.
62
What are the branches of the Celiac trunk?
Left gastric artery, Splenic artery, Common hepatic artery.
63
What does the Superior Mesenteric Artery supply?
It supplies the midgut: distal duodenum to proximal transverse colon.
64
What are the branches of the Superior Mesenteric Artery?
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, Intestinal arteries (Jejunal & Ileal arteries), Colic arteries (Ileocolic, Right colic, Middle colic).
65
What does the Inferior Mesenteric Artery supply?
Supplies the hindgut: distal transverse colon to rectum.
66
What are the branches of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery?
Left colic artery, sigmoid arteries, superior rectal artery, marginal artery (anastomoses with SMA).
67
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into common iliac arteries?
At L4.
68
What does the Common Iliac Artery supply?
Supplies inferior abdominal walls, pelvic walls & floor, pelvic viscera, genitalia, lower limbs.
69
What are the branches of the Common Iliac Artery?
Internal iliac artery (supplies pelvic viscera, perineum, & external genitalia) and external iliac artery (supplies inferior anterior abdominal wall, hip, & lower limb).
70
What does the External Iliac Artery become at the inguinal ligament?
Becomes femoral artery.
71
What does the Femoral Artery branch into?
Deep artery of the thigh and becomes popliteal artery at the adductor hiatus.
72
What does the Popliteal Artery branch into?
Anterior tibial artery (becomes dorsalis pedis artery) and posterior tibial artery.
73
What are the branches of the Anterior Tibial Artery?
Muscular branches to lateral leg compartment and becomes dorsalis pedis artery.
74
What does the Dorsalis Pedis Artery give rise to?
Deep plantar artery.
75
What does the Posterior Tibial Artery branch into?
Fibular artery, medial plantar artery, lateral plantar artery, plantar arterial arch.
76
What is the function of the Superior Vena Cava?
Receives deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and regions of the thorax.
77
What forms the Superior Vena Cava?
Union of brachiocephalic veins.
78
What do the Brachiocephalic Veins receive blood from?
Head, neck, upper limbs, and regions of thorax.
79
What does the Internal Jugular Vein drain?
Receives deoxygenated blood from the head and neck.
80
What does the Subclavian Vein receive blood from?
Neck, parts of the thoracic wall, and upper limb.
81
What is a tributary of the Subclavian Vein?
External jugular vein.
82
What does the Great Saphenous Vein drain?
Drains the medial lower limb and empties into the femoral vein.
83
What does the Small Saphenous Vein drain?
Drains the lateral lower limb and empties into the popliteal vein.
84
What forms the Inferior Vena Cava?
Union of the common iliac veins.
85
What does the Inferior Vena Cava receive?
Venous return from all regions below the diaphragm.
86
What are the tributaries of the Inferior Vena Cava?
Common iliac veins, lumbar veins, gonadal veins, renal veins, suprarenal veins, inferior phrenic veins, hepatic veins.
87
What does the Left Renal Vein collect blood from?
Collects blood from the left kidney and left gonadal vein.
88
Where does the Right Gonadal Vein drain?
Drains directly into the inferior vena cava.
89
What forms the Common Iliac Vein?
Union of the internal iliac vein and the external iliac vein.
90
What does the Great Saphenous Vein empty into?
Empties into the femoral vein.
91
What are the two venous systems in the abdomen?
Caval system and hepatic portal system.
92
What is the function of the Hepatic Portal System?
Transfers venous blood from capillary beds of the GI tract to capillary beds of the liver for detoxification.
93
What forms the Hepatic Portal Vein?
Union of splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein.
