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MSE-1021-0 Human Physiology & Anatomy > Lecture 3 The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lecture 3 The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three hormone categories

A

Steroid
Amine
Peptides

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2
Q

Properties of Steroid Hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol
Very hydrophobic
Raw material can either be derived from dietary cholesterol (LDL) or from metabolism of acetyl coenzyme A

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3
Q

How is cholesterol transported throughout the body?

A

Transported as low density lipoprotein (LDL)

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4
Q

What happens when you stimulate LDL?

A

Cholesterol esterase stimulates the release of free cholesterol.

Free cholesterol diffuses across the membrane of cells and its processed by organelles (Smooth ER and Mitochondria) into steroid hormone

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5
Q

Where do you find steroid hormones in the body?

A

Adrenals
Ovaries
Testes

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6
Q

What are amine hormones made out of?

A

Tyrosine

Tryptophan

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7
Q

What are steroid hormones made out of?

A

Cholesterol

either from diet or from the metabolism of acetyl coenzyme A

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8
Q

Are amine hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

They are both. Hormones produced from the same amino acid can exhibit different polarity.
E.g
Catecholamines are hydrophilic, thyroid hormones are hydrophobic

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9
Q

What are peptide hormones made of?

A

Chains of amino acids

Some small chains being only 5 AA long (enkephalin) or larger chains being 191 AA long (human growth hormone)

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10
Q

Are peptide hormones hydrophilic?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is clearance?

A

The rate at which hormone levels are removed from the blood

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12
Q

What does binding to proteins help with?

A

Protects the hormones from being cleared as quickly. Protects from blood enzymes and the complex is too big to be filtered out by the kidney

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13
Q

Name the two feedback patterns

A

Positive Feedback

Negative Feedback

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14
Q

Name the two glands dangling from the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary

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15
Q

How does the body transport cholesterol?

A

Because it’s hydrophobic the body uses transport proteins to cover the hydrophobic areas of the fat

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16
Q

Where does LDL deposit cholesterol?

A

Deposits cholesterol in the testes/ovaries and adrenal glands.
Can deposit in the blood vessels which causes it to narrow

17
Q

What breaks down cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol esterase breaks down cholesterol into three smaller molecules of cholesterol which diffuses into the cytoplasm until it reaches the mitochondria and smooth ER

18
Q

Where is epinephrine and norepinephrine produced?

A

Adrenal medulla in the adrenal glands

19
Q

Other names for Thyroxine and Tri-iodothyronine

A

T4

T3

20
Q

What cells is the anterior pituitary gland made out of?

A

Glandular anterior cells

21
Q

What is the difference between the posterior pituitary and the anterior pituitary glands?

A

The posterior pituitary glands don’t contain glandular anterior cells. It contains axons from the nerves in the hypothalamus

22
Q

What kind of stem cell does the anterior and posterior glands come from?

A

Oral ectoderm

23
Q

Name the 5 types of endocrine cells found in the anterior pituitary gland

A 
Gonadatrophs
Thyrotrophs 
Somatotrophs 
Lactotrophs 
Corticotrophs
24
Q

What hormone do gonadotrophs produce?

A

FSH and luteinizing hormone

25
Q

What hormone do thyrotrophs produce?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

26
Q

What hormone do somatotrophs produce?

A

Human Growth Hormone

27
Q

What hormone do corticotropes produce?

A

Adenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

28
Q

What is the posterior pituitary responsible for producing?

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin/Anti-diuretic hormone

29
Q

Where are the hormones produced in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Produced by the supraoptic and paraventricular neurones. Released into the portal supply in the posterior pituitary

30
Q

How long is vasopressin?

A

9 amino acids

31
Q

What type of hormone is vasopressin

A

Peptide hormone

32
Q

What hormone do lactotrophs produce?

A

Prolactin

33
Q

What is the effect of vasopressin?

A

Osmoreceptors can detect the osmotic pressure of the blood. Causes the vasoconstriction of arterioles and decreases urine production

34
Q

What type of hormone is oxytocin?

A

Peptide hormone

35
Q

How long is oxytocin?

A

9 amino acids

36
Q

What is the role of oxytocin?

A

Promotes contraction of the uterus
Stimulates ejection of milk from mammary glands
Mother-child bond
Love hormone

37
Q

Why can oxytocin and vasopressin trigger each other’s receptors?

A

They both evolved from a common ancestor after a gene duplication event there was a sequence divergence

38
Q

What hormone do pinealocytes produce?

A

Melatonin which is derived from serotonin which is derived from tryptophan (amino acid)

39
Q

What is the role of melatonin?

A

Regulates the circadian clock

MSE-1021-0 Human Physiology & Anatomy (4 decks)

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