Lecture 3- Research Flashcards
Who is an adolescent in research? Standard way
Early adolescence (11-14)
Middle adolescence (15-18)
Late adolescence (19-22)
Emerging adulthood OPTIONAL (22+)
Who is an adolescent in research? Arnett’s way
Early adolescence (11-14)
Late adolescence (15-18)
Emerging adulthood (18-25)
Who coined the phrase “Emerging adulthood”?
Arnett
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature
- Inborn, biological givens
- Based on genetic inheritance
Nurture
- Physical and social world
Considered today to be equal contributors
What do clinical psychologists believe about nature vs. nurture?
They believe that a person is not determined by their nature, such as a biological inclination towards depression
- The believe that when given the choice/tools to change, individuals can change
- They believe you have free will
Nature vs. Nurture in Monkeys
Genetics: Decided if the monkeys were timid or adventurous at birth (inherited from parents)
Nurture: Parenting style in adoptive, relaxed mom caused anxious baby to become more relaxed, adventurous
- Conditions of challenge (stress-inducing, frightening) cause the monkey to revert to its original anxious state
Difference between monkeys and humans is that humans have free will
- Timid child-> how will you handle it when presented in your child? -> Timid parents can push their child or keep them in their genetic predisposed personality
Purpose of psychological science
Attempts to
1. Describe
2. Explain
3. Predict behavior
(predicting behavior is difficult)
Purpose of developmental science
Studies development i.e. change over time (relationships etc, search in the past)
What are the 3 designs for studying development?
- Longitudinal
- Cross-sectional
- Sequential
Longitudinal design overview
Same participants studied repeatedly at different ages
Cross-sectional design overview
People of differing ages all studied at the same time (shows, on average, change over time)
Sequential design overview
Same groups of different-aged people studied repeatedly as they change ages (3yrs of data on each person)
Longitudinal study design: Advantages
- Permits study of common patterns and individual differences in development and relationships between early and later events and behaviors
Longitudinal study design: Disadvantages
- Age-related changes may be distorted because of biased sampling, selective attrition, practice effects, and cohort effects
- Theoretical and methodological changes in the field can make findings obsolete
Biased sampling
Some members of the intended population have a lower or higher sampling probability than others
Selective attrition
The tendency of some people to be more likely to drop out of a study than others (shy person etc)
Practice effects
Improvements in cognitive test performance due to repeated evaluation with the same test materials
Cohort effects
Variations over time in one or more characteristic in groups of individuals defined by some shared experience such as same math course etc
Cross-sectional study design: Advantages
- Efficient
- Not plagued by selective attrition, practice effects, or theoretical and methodological changes in the field
Cross-sectional study design: Problems
- Does not permit study of individual developmental trends
- Age difference may be distorted because of cohort effects
Sequential study design: Advantages
- When the design includes longitudinal sequences, permits both longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons
- Reveals cohort effects
- Permits tracking of age-related changes more effectively than the longitudinal design
- May have the same problems as the longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, but the design itself helps identify difficulties
What are the 3 research designs?
- Correlational research designs
- Experimental research designs
- Modified experimental designs
