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radiography lecture > lecture 3 - radiation physics & radiation biology > Flashcards

lecture 3 - radiation physics & radiation biology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the maximum number of shells per atom

A

7

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2
Q

what are the shells from highest energy to lowest energy

A

K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q

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3
Q

binding force

A

energy required to remove an electron from its orbit shell must exceed the binding energy of the electron in that shell

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4
Q

covalent bonding

A

sharing electrons in outermost shells

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5
Q

ionic bonding

A

transfer of electrons

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6
Q

ion

A

atom that gains/loses an electron and becomes electrically unbalanced

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7
Q

ionization

A

converting atoms into ions/production of ions, becomes positively or negatively charged

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8
Q

radiation

A

emission and propagation of energy through space or substance in form of waves or particles

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9
Q

radioactivity

A

process of unstable atoms undergoing spontaneous disintegration to become balanced

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10
Q

ionizing radiation

A

high energy, capable of producing ions

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11
Q

what does wave concept focus on

A

wavelength
frequency
velocity

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12
Q

wavelength

A

distance between crest of waves

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13
Q

frequency

A

of wavelengths in a specific time period

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14
Q

characteristics of x-rays

A

invisible
no mass or weight
no charge
travel in waves and straight lines
high frequency, short wavelengths

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15
Q

primary radiation

A

penetrating x-ray beam

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16
Q

secondary radiation

A

result of primary beam interacting with matter, less penetrating than primary

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17
Q

scatter radiation

A

form of secondary, deflected x-rays after interaction with matter going in all directions; detrimental

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18
Q

no interaction

A

passed through atom unchanged and leave atom unchanged

19
Q

absorption

A

photon interacts with inner shell electrons
photon is absorbed and electron is rejected
ionization occurs

20
Q

compton scatter

A

photon interacts with outer shell electrons
photon loses energy but electron is still ejected
ionization still occurs

21
Q

coherent scatter

A

photon interacts with outer shell electrons but matter is not altered
no ionization occurs

22
Q

radiation biology

A

the study of effects of ionizing radiation on living tissue to understand the harmful effects of x-radiation

23
Q

is all ionizing radiation harmful and can cause biologic change in cells

A

YES!!!

24
Q

mechanisms of radiation injury

A
  1. ionization
  2. free radical formation
25
Q

direct theory

A

cell damage can occur when ionizing radiation directly hits critical areas (cell death)

26
Q

indirect theory

A

x-ray photons absorbed within cell and cause formation of toxins (causing damage indirectly)

27
Q

dose-response curve

A

used to establish acceptable levels of radiation exposure

28
Q

stochastic

A

probability of occurrence increases with dose
severity is NOT dependent on does
all or none

29
Q

nonstochastic/deterministic

A

severity of damage dependent on dose
occur only after exceeding threshold
result of severe cell damage

30
Q

radiation injury sequence

A
  1. latent period
  2. period of injury
  3. recovery period
31
Q

determinants for radiation injury

A

total dose
amount of tissue irradiated
age
dose rate
cell sensitivity

32
Q

short-term effects

A

seen within minutes, days, or weeks
large amount of radiation in short time

33
Q

long-term effects

A

appear after years, decades, or generations
small amount of radiation over long period of time

34
Q

somatic effect

A

injury to person irradiated
NOT passed to offspring
all cells except reproductive cells

35
Q

genetic effects

A

not seen in person irradiated
passed onto future generations
reproductive cells effected

36
Q

radiosensitive cells

A

blood cells
bone marrow
reproductive cells
skins
lens of eyes

37
Q

radioresistant cells

A

muscle tissue
nerve tissue
mature bone/cartilage tissue
salivary glands
thyroid gland

38
Q

tradition units of measure

A

roentgen (R)
radiation absorbed does (rad)
roentgen equivalent (in) man (rem)

39
Q

si units of measure

A

coulombs/kilogram (C/kg)
gray (Gy)
sievert (Sv)

40
Q

exposure

A

roentgen or coulombs/kilograms
amount of radiation in the air

41
Q

dose

A

rad or gray
amount of radiation absorbed by tissue

42
Q

dose equivalent

A

rem or sievert
measurement of effect on tissue

43
Q

risk elements in dentistry

A

thyroid gland
bone marrow
skin
eyes

radiography lecture (4 decks)

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