Lecture 3 - Perception Flashcards
According to the lecture, what are the four steps of cognition?
Transduction, sensation, perception, and finally cognition.
What is transduction?
The transformation of physical things into neural impulses.
What is sensation?
The awareness that results from activating a sensory cell; it is knowing that something is there.
How does perception relate to sensation?
The transformation of a sensation in a percept; knowing what that “something” is.
What is cognition?
The process of being aware.
What are 3 properties of perception?
Constantly changing, occurs with action, and there is a process.
What are the two approaches to how perception happens?
Top-down and bottom-up processing.
What is top-down processing?
Expectations, knowledge, schemas, attention, and thinking influencing perception.
What is bottom-up processing.
Comes from senses; starts small, becomes more complex.
Is perception necessarily top-down or bottom-up?
No, where these two processes meet is where perception occurs.
What are 3 problems that make visual perception difficult?
The ambiguity of light, ambiguity of shape, and issues of size and distance.
What is meant by the ambiguity of light?
Light sources, reflections, and shadows can play tricks on the brain.
What is meant by the ambiguity of shape?
A 2D image falls on the retina and the brain must recreate it in 3D, which leaves room for error.
What is luminance?
The amount of light that enters the eye.
What is the inverse projection problem?
The task of trying to determine the object that caused the image on on the retina.
When does viewpoint invariance occur?
When the view of an object shifts and the shape changes.
What is the issue of size and distance?
We don’t know if what we’re seeing is a small thing up close or a big thing far away.
What are 4 solutions to the problems of perception?
Reliance of physical regularities, semantic regularities, frames of reference, and convergence/retinal disparity.
What are 3 things that can be relied on based on physical regularities?
The likelihood principle, consistent lighting from above, and shape/shadows.
What are two semantic regularities?
Scene schemas and familiar size.
What are scene schemas?
Knowing what is normally in an environment and using that to infer what an object is.
What is the idea of familiar size?
We know how big things normally are, and we can use this as a cue.
What is the most common frame of reference?
Gravity.