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HE 4140 > Lecture 3 - Part I And II > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Part I And II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

A statement of no relationship among the variables being tested

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2
Q

What is the research / Alternative Hypothesis?

A

The predicted relationship between the variables being tested

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3
Q

What is research validity?

A

Truthfulness of a causal inference that is made from the results of a research study

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4
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Degree of confidence that the causal relationship being tested is trustworthy and not influenced by other factors or variables within the context of the present study

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5
Q

What is external validity?

A

The extent to which results from a study can be generalized to other
1. People
2. Settings
3. Treatments
4. Outcomes
5. Times

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6
Q

What are the 5 types of external validities?

A
  1. Population validity
  2. Ecological validity
  3. Treatment population validity
  4. Outcome validity
  5. Temporal validity
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7
Q

What are the 3 conditions for making the claim of causation?

A
  1. A must be correlated with B
  2. Changes in A must precede changes in B
  3. No plausible alternative explanation exists for the relationship between A and B
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8
Q

In the ABCD framework, what does each letter represent?

A

A: Independent Variable
B: Dependent Variable
C: Mechanism for how A affects B
D: Alternative Explanation

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9
Q

What is an observational study?

A

Researchers collect data by observing and making inferences based on that data. No interference from researchers

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10
Q

What is an experimental study?

A

A study where researchers control the assignment of treatments to subjects using a chance mechanism

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11
Q

What are the benefits of the experimental approach?

A
  1. Causal inferences can be drawn from the data collected
  2. Experimental approach grants researchers greater control over the other variables
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12
Q

What are the cons of the experimental approach?

A
  1. Does not test the effect of non-manipulated variables
  2. There may be ethical or practical problems with variable control
  3. The environment does not allow for generalization to real-life situations
  4. Cost
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13
Q

Why can’t lab findings be generalized to real life situations?

A
  1. Subjects know they are observed by researchers
  2. Subjects are placed in an unfamiliar situation and asked to make unfamiliar decisions
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14
Q

What is a laboratory experiment?

A

A controlled scientific investigation in a laboratory environment, often situated in a university computer lab or classroom often with college students participating.

Participants typically make decisions within an artificial context.

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15
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

Research using some controlled elements of traditional laboratory experiments, but takes place in natural/real world settings

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16
Q

What is an artefactual field experiment?

A

Same as conventional lab experiments but with a non-standard subject pool

17
Q

What is a framed field experiment?

A

Similar to artefactual field experiments but with field context in either the commodity, task or information that the subjects use.

18
Q

What is a natural field experiment?

A

Same as framed field experiment but subjects do not know they are participants in an experiment

19
Q

What are the 2 properties of good measurement?

A
  1. Reliablity : consistency and stability of scores
  2. Validity : accuracy of inferences, interpretation, or actions made on the basis of test scores
20
Q

What are 2 rules for economic-specific validity?

A
  1. Decisions should be properly incentivized
    - earnings based on participant’s decisions
    - paid no lower than average hourly rate
  2. Use of deception is not allowed unless strictly necessary
21
Q

What is the name for the experimental design involving 2 treatment variables?

A

2x2 factorial design

22
Q

What is a 2 level and 3 level experimental design?

A

2 level: 1 control 1 treatment condition
3 level: 1 control 2 treatment conditions

23
Q

What is a recommended minimum number of observations in each cell for a 2x2 design?

A

30

24
Q

What are the 2 principles of manipulating a variable?

A

1) the manipulation indeed varies variable A
2) the manipulation only varies variable A

25
Q

What are the 4 steps for manipulating variables?

A
  1. Determining the number of treatment/manipulated variables
  2. Determine the manipulation of the variables
  3. Manipulation check
  4. Control techniques
26
Q

What are the 5 control techniques?

A
  1. Between subject design or within subject design
  2. Randomization
  3. Order effect
  4. Demand effect
  5. Wealth/income effect
27
Q

What is the difference beween within-subject and between-subject?

A

Between: each individual exposed to only 1 treatment condition
Within: each individual exposed to more than one treatment condition

28
Q

What are the benefits of within-subject experiment?

A
  1. Can control for many factors which may disturb your results
  2. Requires a smaller sample size than between subjects, leading to increased statistical power
29
Q

What are the negatives of a within-subject design

A
  1. Carryover effect
    - effect of prior experimental conditions
  2. Demand effect
    - participants try to interpret experimenter’s intentions and act accordingly
30
Q

Advantage of between subject experience

A

Each participant enters the study fresh and naive with respect to the procedures to be tested

31
Q

What is the effect of randomization on groups

A

It provides indirect control of uncontrolled variables by ensuring their eventual independence of treatment variables.

32
Q

What is a common technique for creating equivalent groups?

A

Random assignment
Everyone has an equal chance of being placed in any of the groups, typically using a chance mechanism to determine which condition a subject is assigned to.

33
Q

What is the order effect?

A

An influence on a particular trial that arises from its position in a sequence of trials.

34
Q

In a session with multiple decision making tasks, where should the key task of interest be positioned?

A

At the outset

35
Q

What are solutions to the demand effect?

A
  1. Use a between subject design
  2. Create incentives that make it costly to deviate from true preferred choices
36
Q

What is the wealth effect?

A

In the incentive to exercise paper, one group exercised more and this reason could be due to experiment payout being higher than other groups, creating a wealth effect

37
Q

Solution to wealth effect

A

All subjects receive an equal amount of payment regardless of treatment condition

38
Q

How does wealth effect come into play in experiments with multiple rounds?

A

Participants earnings in prior rounds may influence their subsequent decisions

39
Q

Solution to wealth effect in experiments with multiple rounds?

A

Subjects are paid according to results from a randomly selected period

HE 4140 (5 decks)

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