Lecture 3 - Outline The Requirements Of Natural Selection In Shaping Life Flashcards
What is the difference in Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic cells?
The key difference is membrane enclosed organelles are present in Eukaryotes
What are Eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope
What are prokaryotic cells?
A prokaryote is a cellular organism that lacks an envelope-enclosed nucleus
What are four features of a Prokaryotic cell?
Prokaryotic cells is
- Unicellular
- Lysosomes and peroxisomes absent
- Microtubules absent
- Endoplasmic reticulum absent
What are four features of a Eukaryotic cell?
- Multicellular
- Lysosomes and peroxisomes present
- Microtubules present
- Endoplasmic reticulum present
What does a phylogenetic tree represent?
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms.
What are the four biological molecules that are necessary for life?
- Building blocks
- Macromolecules
- Supramolecular assemblies
- Organelles
What make up building blocks?
- Amino acids
- Nuclei ashes
- Simple carbohydrates
- Glycerol, fatty acids, hydrocarbon rings
What make up macromolecules?
- Proteins
- DNA (nucleic acid)
- RNA (nucleic acid)
- Complex carbohydrates
- Lipids
What make up supramolecular assemblies?
- Membrane
- Ribosomes
- Chromatin
What make up organelles?
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Golgi
- ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
All life is mainly what four macromolecules?
- Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)
- Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
- Proteins
- Lipids (non-polymeric macromolecule)
What are the four levels of carbohydrates?
- Monosaccharides (simple - aka sugars)
- Disaccharides(simple - two monomers joined - sugars)
- Oligosaccharides (3-10 monosaccharides joined)
- Polysaccharides
What are the two components of a monosaccharide?
- Hexose - (are the building blocks of higher order carbohydrates) identifying to oxygen - used in polymerisation reactions and are joined together in linear fashion to form complex carbohydrates
- Pentose - (are usually part of larger molecules, nucleic acid) don’t polymerase but apart of larger things
What are the three common disaccharides and their products?
- Glucose and fructose = sucrose
- Galactose and glucose = fructose
- Glucose and glucose = maltose
Starch is a carbohydrate in plants with what two structural components?
Amylose and Glucose monomer. Starch with glucose monomers linked as a long chain
What is amylopectin?
A long chain of glucose linked but form a branched structure
What is cellulose and how is it arranged?
Cellulose is a fibre that consists of glucose monomers only. Cellulose is arranged with chains of glucose monomers linked together but the longer stretches are then stacked on top of each other
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
- Recognition (attached to cell membrane is carbohydrates, from 2 different cells can recognize each other and see bacteria or antibodies and get response based on what they recognize)
- Energy - plant or animal based products (starch and glycogen) when digests releases individual glucose monomers the body can use to produce energy in the mitochondria
- Structure - plant cell wall, cellulose structure within our bodies - can’t break down cellular because of the way glucose monomers are linked together. One important benefit of fibre such as cellular helps you to get rid of waste products
What are the three properties in a nucleotide?
Phosphate, base and ribose sugar
What are the 5 common bases of a polynucleotide?
- Thymine (T)
- Adenine (A)
- Cytosine (C)
- Guanine (G)
- Uracil (U)
What is a protein and it’s functions?
Proteins are molecules by which cells perform their functions in the whole organism. The functions of proteins are structural, regulatory, contractile, transport, storage, protective, catalytic and toxic
What are lipids?
A lipid is any of various compounds that are insoluble in water. These include triacylglycerols (fats), steroids (sterols), phospholipids, glycolipids, fat soluble vitamins
What does hydrophobic mean?
Molecules don’t like water.
What are the functions of lipids?
- Structural - e.g cholesterol (regulating fluidity of cell membrane) and phospholipids (fatty acid chain and a glycerol and phosphate group) in the cell membrane.
- Regulatory - many different functions (steroid) cholesterol is used to make tests one and is then made to make estrogen.
- Energy - carbohydrates or fats
What are the stages of the run for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
- Ancestral prokaryotic cell
- Infolding of plasma membrane
- Ancestral eukaryotic cell with nucleus and organelles
- Engulfment of aerobic bacteria
- Ancestral eukaryotic cell with nucleus and organelles including mitochondria
- Engulfment of photosynthetic bacteria
- Ancestral photosynthetic eukaryotic cell
