Lecture 3 - Outline The Requirements Of Natural Selection In Shaping Life

Question 1

What is the difference in Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 1

The key difference is membrane enclosed organelles are present in Eukaryotes

Question 2

What are Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 2

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope

Question 3

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 3

A prokaryote is a cellular organism that lacks an envelope-enclosed nucleus

Question 4

What are four features of a Prokaryotic cell?

Answer 4

Prokaryotic cells is

1. Unicellular
2. Lysosomes and peroxisomes absent
3. Microtubules absent
4. Endoplasmic reticulum absent

Question 5

What are four features of a Eukaryotic cell?

Answer 5

1. Multicellular
2. Lysosomes and peroxisomes present
3. Microtubules present
4. Endoplasmic reticulum present

Question 6

What does a phylogenetic tree represent?

Answer 6

A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Question 7

What are the four biological molecules that are necessary for life?

Answer 7

1. Building blocks
2. Macromolecules
3. Supramolecular assemblies
4. Organelles

Question 8

What make up building blocks?

Answer 8

1. Amino acids
2. Nuclei ashes
3. Simple carbohydrates
4. Glycerol, fatty acids, hydrocarbon rings

Question 9

What make up macromolecules?

Answer 9

1. Proteins
2. DNA (nucleic acid)
3. RNA (nucleic acid)
4. Complex carbohydrates
5. Lipids

Question 10

What make up supramolecular assemblies?

Answer 10

1. Membrane
2. Ribosomes
3. Chromatin

Question 11

What make up organelles?

Answer 11

1. Nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3. Golgi
4. ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

Question 12

All life is mainly what four macromolecules?

Answer 12

1. Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)
2. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
3. Proteins
4. Lipids (non-polymeric macromolecule)

Question 13

What are the four levels of carbohydrates?

Answer 13

1. Monosaccharides (simple - aka sugars)
2. Disaccharides(simple - two monomers joined - sugars)
3. Oligosaccharides (3-10 monosaccharides joined)
4. Polysaccharides

Question 14

What are the two components of a monosaccharide?

Answer 14

1. Hexose - (are the building blocks of higher order carbohydrates) identifying to oxygen - used in polymerisation reactions and are joined together in linear fashion to form complex carbohydrates
2. Pentose - (are usually part of larger molecules, nucleic acid) don’t polymerase but apart of larger things

Question 15

What are the three common disaccharides and their products?

Answer 15

1. Glucose and fructose = sucrose
2. Galactose and glucose = fructose
3. Glucose and glucose = maltose

Question 16

Starch is a carbohydrate in plants with what two structural components?

Answer 16

Amylose and Glucose monomer. Starch with glucose monomers linked as a long chain

Question 17

What is amylopectin?

Answer 17

A long chain of glucose linked but form a branched structure

Question 18

What is cellulose and how is it arranged?

Answer 18

Cellulose is a fibre that consists of glucose monomers only. Cellulose is arranged with chains of glucose monomers linked together but the longer stretches are then stacked on top of each other

Question 19

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 19

1. Recognition (attached to cell membrane is carbohydrates, from 2 different cells can recognize each other and see bacteria or antibodies and get response based on what they recognize)
2. Energy - plant or animal based products (starch and glycogen) when digests releases individual glucose monomers the body can use to produce energy in the mitochondria
3. Structure - plant cell wall, cellulose structure within our bodies - can’t break down cellular because of the way glucose monomers are linked together. One important benefit of fibre such as cellular helps you to get rid of waste products

Question 20

What are the three properties in a nucleotide?

Answer 20

Phosphate, base and ribose sugar

Question 21

What are the 5 common bases of a polynucleotide?

Answer 21

1. Thymine (T)
2. Adenine (A)
3. Cytosine (C)
4. Guanine (G)
5. Uracil (U)

Question 22

What is a protein and it’s functions?

Answer 22

Proteins are molecules by which cells perform their functions in the whole organism. The functions of proteins are structural, regulatory, contractile, transport, storage, protective, catalytic and toxic

Question 23

What are lipids?

Answer 23

A lipid is any of various compounds that are insoluble in water. These include triacylglycerols (fats), steroids (sterols), phospholipids, glycolipids, fat soluble vitamins

Question 24

What does hydrophobic mean?

Answer 24

Molecules don’t like water.

Question 25

What are the functions of lipids?

Answer 25

1. Structural - e.g cholesterol (regulating fluidity of cell membrane) and phospholipids (fatty acid chain and a glycerol and phosphate group) in the cell membrane.
2. Regulatory - many different functions (steroid) cholesterol is used to make tests one and is then made to make estrogen.
3. Energy - carbohydrates or fats

Question 26

What are the stages of the run for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Answer 26

1. Ancestral prokaryotic cell
2. Infolding of plasma membrane
3. Ancestral eukaryotic cell with nucleus and organelles
4. Engulfment of aerobic bacteria
5. Ancestral eukaryotic cell with nucleus and organelles including mitochondria
6. Engulfment of photosynthetic bacteria
7. Ancestral photosynthetic eukaryotic cell