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HESP 724- Research Methods > Lecture 3- Non-experimental designs > Flashcards

Lecture 3- Non-experimental designs Flashcards

1
Q

What is a non-experimental research design?

A

No manipulation of variables.

Examine effects of existing differences (can be quantitative or qualitative)

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2
Q

What are the goals of non-experimental research design?

A
  1. Observe, describe, document behavior or characteristics
  2. Examine relations among behavior or characteristics
  3. Compare characteristics
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3
Q

What are the different kinds of non-experimental research design?

A
  1. Descriptive
  2. Relationship
  3. Comparative
  4. Causal-Comparative or Cohort
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4
Q

What are the different kinds of descriptive non-experimental research design?

A
  • Surveys
  • Polls
  • Case studies
  • Prevalence studies
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5
Q

What is a survey research design?

A

Research that obtains participants’ responses to a series of questions, either through a written questionnaire or an interview.

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6
Q

What are the 6 types of survey questions?

A
  1. Yes-No
2. Categorical
E.g., what is your current class standing?
  1. Rating scale (how many points?)
  2. Cumulative Response
    E.g., in the past month, I provided speech, language, or hearing services to adults or children with: (place an X beside all that apply)
  3. Open-Ended
    E.g., In your opinion…
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7
Q

What are the advantages of surveys?

A
  • Easy to test and score
  • Can test large numbers of people
  • May be standardized
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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of surveys?

A
  • Difficulty of crafting the questions

- Voluntary/nonresponse bias

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9
Q

What is a case study research design?

A

Intense observation of an individual to understand their behavior.

E.g., person with a rare genetic disorder, specific classroom or setting

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10
Q

What are the different kinds of relationship non-experimental designs?

A
  • Correlation
  • Regression
  • Predictive
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11
Q

What are the different kinds of comparative non-experimental designs?

A
  • Case-control

- Group comparisons

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12
Q

What is a correlation non-experimental design?

A

Analysis between 2 variables to determine the strength of the relationships.

Examine if the extent of one variable relates to the extent of the other.

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13
Q

What are the advantages of a correlational design?

A

Researcher is able to determine the degree to which people are one versus the other.

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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of a correlational design?

A

Problems of restricted range, skewed sample (extreme participants)

This research cannot establish causality, only the relationship between 2 variables in some unknown way.

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15
Q

What is a regression non-experimental design?

A

Studies the relationship among several variables to determine the strength of the relationship and also which variables have the most predictive power.

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16
Q

What is a predictive non-experimental design?

A

Studies how variables relate over time

Longitudinal correlation or regression study.

17
Q

What is a retrospective causal-comparative study?

A

Researchers identify persons who vary on some condition and obtain information about the participants medical history and family and social background.

18
Q

What is a prospective causal-comparative study?

A

Researchers identify a potential causal factor, identify groups of persons who vary on this factor and then obtain an extensive amount of information about their participants.

Researchers identify their participants and then follow them in a longitudinal research study.

19
Q

What is a longitudinal research study?

A
  • Better control for other differences between groups
  • Slower to run
  • More participants drop out (attrition)
  • May see order effects
20
Q

What are order effects?

A

Ex. Ir participants learn from being in the experiment, older kids will always do better than younger kids

21
Q

What is a cross-sectional research study?

A
  • Groups may differ on factors besides age
  • Faster to run
  • Attrition not a factor
  • Participants are naive
22
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

Non-experimental research that includes gathering data such as verbal statements, excerpts from writing samples, or detailed descriptions of behavior.

Relies on inductive reasoning to formulate a theory.

Collects data in natural environments and situations.

Might identify trends or themes that emerged in the data and begin to formulate a theory that fits the situation.

23
Q

What are the different kinds of qualitative research designs?

A

1) Ethnography
2) Grounded theory
3) Case Study
4) Phenomenology

24
Q

What is ethnography?

A
  • Systematized form of participant observation
  • Describe patterns of behavior that characterize a culture in a natural setting
  • Fieldwork, behavior, artifacts, speech samples
25
Q

What is grounded theory?

A

Formally structured approach

  • Recurring process of collecting data, examining and coding data, and generating theoretic concepts or categories
26
Q

What is case study?

A

May be quantitative or qualitative; focus is on an entity such as a person, event, family, or institution

Researchers spend time observing the case, conducting interviews, and reviewing documents

27
Q

What is an intrinsic case study?

A

The goal is to understand the particular entity they are studying

28
Q

What is an instrumental case study?

A

The goal is to study a particular case that represents a larger phenomenon

29
Q

What is a collective case study?

A

Collect data on several instrumental cases

30
Q

What is phenomenology?

A

The goal is to study a phenomenon or situation from the viewpoint of participants

Verbal transcript of the narrative:

  • Holistic sense
  • Identify parts (meaning changes)
  • Re-wording to capture underlying meaning
  • Generate a written description of the structure of the event
31
Q

What is conversation analysis?

A

Recordings of conversational interactions

  • Allows the researcher to study turn taking, organization, and repair

Measures:

  • Orthographic transcripts
  • Codes for prosodic features, turn taking (e.g., overlaps)
32
Q

What are the four steps in conducing conversation analysis?

A

1) Examine transcripts to identify intended actions (e.g., offer help)
2) Examine sequence that lead to that turn
3) Turn “design”
4) Analyze partner’s response to action initiation

33
Q

What is research bias?

A
  • Experience, knowledge, or POV influence observations

- May not be able to eliminate, but should be minimized

34
Q

How can research bias be minimized?

A

Reflexivity (be self-aware of bias)

Negative case sampling )try to collect data that doesn’t align with beliefs)

Research triangulation (more than one person observes/analyzes/interprets

35
Q

What is descriptive adequacy?

A

Demonstrates factual accounting through:

  • Prolonged engagement
  • Methods of triangulation
  • Data triangulation
  • Thick description
36
Q

What is interpretive adequacy?

A

How well the research captured/conveyed the meaning of an experience

HESP 724- Research Methods (5 decks)

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