Lecture 3 - Mutations & Metabolism

Question 1

What are the 3 main steps of DNA Transcription?

Answer 1

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

Question 2

Initiation

Answer 2

RNA polymerase binds to the gene’s promoter region

DNA unwinds, exposing gene to be transcribed

Question 3

Elongation

Answer 3

RNA polymerase links nucleotides into chain

RNA nucleotides H-bond to complementary nucleotides in DNA template

RNA physically elongating/being made

Question 4

Termination

Answer 4

Marked by nucleotide sequence (stop codon) called the “terminator region.” RNA polymerase detatches from DNA

Question 5

Introns

Answer 5

Non-coding DNA

Question 6

Exons

Answer 6

DNA that makes the protein

Question 7

Open Reading Frame

Answer 7

Nucleotides located between the start codon and the stop codon

“translated region”

Question 8

What parts are needed in order for translation to occur?

Answer 8

Ribosome, tRNA, amino acid, & mRNA

Question 9

What are some functions of protein?

Answer 9

Enzymes, structural, protection, regulatory, nerve impulse transmission (neuro transmitter), motion, transport

Question 10

What are 3 different ways that mutations can be characterized?

Answer 10

1) Germline (reproductive cells) vs. somatic (every other part of body)
2) Promoter vs. translated region
3) silent (1 letter change, but same AA) vs. functional (Dif AA and possible function) vs. terminal (mutation produced stop codon)

Silent = 1 letter change but same amino acid,

Question 11

What are 3 different types of mutations?

Answer 11

1. Point
2. Frame shift
3. Inversion

Question 12

Point mutation

Answer 12

Changes one nucleotide in DNA, but same # of nucleotides

Question 13

Frame Shift

Answer 13

Changes the # of nucleotides and shifts reading of codons, changing all the amino acids downstream

Can have deletion or insertion frame shifts

Question 14

Inversion

Answer 14

An entire section of DNA is reversed

Very rare

Question 15

Phenylketonuria (PKU)