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Psyc 202 > Lecture 3 - memory temporal binding > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - memory temporal binding Flashcards

1
Q

What is visual binding?

A

The visual cortex has many retinotopic mans, each representing a specific feature (colour, orientation, motion, form)

The process of putting together all of this information to generate integrated percept is called visual binding

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2
Q

What is binding in hearing?

A
  • Complex sounds are presented as one
  • Auditory cortex doesn’t represent sound features separately
  • It is called temporal binding
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3
Q

What happens with short snippets of sound?

A
  • The word hello is played and we can understand the whole thing
  • When first 50 ms is played we cannot understand
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4
Q

What happens with short snippets of vision?

A
  • The power of the human mind

- As long as the first and last letters are presented in the right place, we can read . the sentence.

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5
Q

What is serial processing?

A

The temporal ordering of sound . events is crucial for speech to make sense.

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6
Q

What are the fundamental differences in processing strategies for hearing and vision?

A

Visual processing seems to be parallel and auditory seems to be serial.

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7
Q

What is the problem of temporal binding?

A
  • The brain’s task is to map this time-evolving structure to meaning
  • The auditory system never ‘sees’ . the spectrogram equivalent, only a small fraction at a time.
  • This is a limitation that can only be overcome with memory
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8
Q

What is a spectogram?

A

An image of how the frequency structure of sound evolves over time.

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9
Q

What are saccadic eye movements?

A
  • When the eye darts around the visual scene in fast saccadic movements (20-30ms) up to 5 times per second
  • It stays put for 50-200 ms before the next saccade occurs.
  • High acuity only in the centre of the visual field (foveation) - the rest is blurred.
  • During saccade, no visual info is passed to the cortex. We are blind about 20% of time .
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10
Q

What are the challenges of visual perception?

A
  • The info arriving in cortex comes in short discontinuous bursts of up to 200 ms .
  • Between the bursts there is no info coming in
  • Yet, we perceive . the visual world as populated by steady objects in full focus
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11
Q

What does perception of a steady visual world involve?

A
  1. Feature binding

2. Temporal binding across saccades - the time order of the saccades does not matter in this binding

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12
Q

What are the challenges of auditory perception?

A
  • Information arrives in a continuous stream to the ear, with no periods of temporary deafness .
  • Info from different sources is mixed but sounds are perceived as unmixed.
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13
Q

What processes does auditory perception involve?

A
  1. Unmixing of sources

2. Temporal binding of each source - in this kind of temporal binding, time order is essential

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14
Q

What are the fundamental differences in Binding for VISION?

A
  • Temporal binding works by integrating randomly sampled images (mostly out of focus) into percepts, with continuity and stability
  • The brain controls the time order of the sampling
  • The time order is filtered out from the representation
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15
Q

What are the fundamental differences in binding for AUDITION ?

A
  • In hearing, temporal binding works by integrating auditory information in the order in which it arrives
  • The brain has no control over the order of this
  • The time order is maintained in the representation
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16
Q

What does temporal binding need?

A

Memory

17
Q

What is temporal binding?

A

The combination . of information over time

18
Q

Is temporal binding found in audition and vision?

A

Yes, despite the differences in time order requirements

19
Q

How is perception memory?

A

Memory is the retention of information over time, thus seeing and hearing are essentially a process of memory, so perception is memory .

20
Q

What evidence is there for memory in the auditory cortex?

A
  • Repeating the same stimulus within hundreds of milliseconds leads to response attenuation in primary AC.
  • This is known as adaptation or forward masking
  • Playing one stimulus and then another can lead to increased responses to the probe
21
Q

What is foreward facilitation?

A

Playing one stimulus and then another can lead to increased responses to the probe

22
Q

What is the evidence of temporal binding and memory in monkeys?

A
  • Auditory cortex neurons respond selectively to monkey calls
  • Weak response: just presenting the first or second half of the call
  • strong response: sound waves arrive in right order
  • Ergo: the brain is building representations of sounds as entities across time.
23
Q

What are Event Related Responses?

A
  • Brain response time : locked to stimulus presentation and averaged over many stimulus
  • Reflect sensory processing
  • Measured in EEG (Event Related Potential ERP)
  • Measured in MEG (Event related field ERF)
24
Q

What are long-latency auditory ERPs?

A
  • P1-N1-P2 : onset response, sensitive to stimulus features, and to effects of learning, memory and attention.

N2- surprising stimuli when these are consciously attended to

p3- surprising stimuli, when these are task- relevant.

25
Q

What is the oddball paradigm?

A

You have a standard noise and a deviant noise and you play the deviant noise among the standard which is repeated.
This causes surprise (orienting response) in pps which can be measured using physiological measures (sweat, Heart rate etc)
MMN

26
Q

What is mismatch negativity? (MMN)

A

The difference between response to standard and deviant sounds

27
Q

What are the problems with the oddball paradigm?

A
  • The MMN differs due to the sounds being different, not because of the deviant.
  • SOI (sound interval) is different so adaptation will be different
  • what is causing the difference between the standard and the deviant?
28
Q

How can you overcome problems with the oddball paradigm?

A

Use repetitive stimulation to measure adaptation lifetimes

29
Q

What are the positives of MMN?

A
  • Can use in patients who are unresponsive to see if they have an active brain
  • can use in babies who are non verbal
  • Can use it to check attention in other tasks
  • look at physiological responses to understand orienting response.

Psyc 202 (7 decks)

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