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International Relations > Lecture 3 - Liberalism > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Liberalism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main strands of Liberalism in IR ?

A
  • Sociological Liberalism (Transnational relations)
    Interdependence
  • Liberalism (Functionalism and Complex Interdependence)
  • Institutional Liberalism (International Institutions)
  • Republican Liberalism (Democratic Peace Theory)
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2
Q

What is the first assumption of Liberalism ?

A

The multi-centric approach

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3
Q

What’s the multi-centric approach in liberalism ?

A
  • Monolithic state is downgraded & international organizations (IOs), multinational corporations (MNCs) & NGOs are also key actors
  • Social actors, such as individuals & private groups, play a primary role in promoting differing interests in an environment with scarcity of resources and conflicting values
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4
Q

According to Liberalism, is the state a unitary actor ?

A

No, the second assumption of Liberalism is that the state is not a unitary actor

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5
Q

What does it imply that the state is not a unitary actor for liberalism ?

A
  • States represent subsets of society that can impose themselves through fair procedures
  • Decision-making involves multiple groups such as political groups, pressure groups & bureaucracy, making international affairs more complex than Realist beliefs
  • Endogenous factors play a role in foreign policy
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6
Q

What does Liberalism say about the rationality of the state ?

A

The state is not always rational

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7
Q

What does it imply that the state is not always rational for liberalism ?

A
  • Foreign policy decisions result from clashes, bargaining, compromises & alliances, rather than purely rational processes
  • Rationality in this context means the maximization of communal welfare in the long term, emphasizing collaboration over conflict
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8
Q

How does Liberalism view the agenda of IR ?

A

The agenda is wide and diversifie
-> it includes not only security & high politics but also issues of low politics, such as social, economic, environmental & human rights concerns

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9
Q

What is the Democratic Peace Theory in Republican Liberalism ?

A
  • Democracies do not go to war with one another
  • They value individual liberty, autonomy, legitimacy, self-determination & non-interference
  • If all states were liberal-democratic, there would be no wars & peace & prosperity would prevail
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10
Q

What are Immanuel Kant’s 3 conditions for perpetual peace ?

A
  • The civil constitution in every state should be republican
  • The right of nations should be based on a federation of free states
  • The rights of men as citizens of the world should be limited to universal hospitality
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11
Q

What are MONADIC explanations for why democracies don’t fight each other ?

A
  • Ontological : Democratic leaders are accountable to a voting public, who suffer the most from wars
  • Structural : Decision-making in democracies is slow, divided & transparent, making aggression less likely
  • Normative : Democracies externalize their internal methods of peaceful conflict resolution
  • Resources : Democracies have greater wealth & prefer to preserve infrastructure & resources
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12
Q

What are DIADIC explanations for why democracies don’t fight each other ?

A
  • Legitimacy : Democracies are friendly with similar regimes, making war a self-contradiction
  • Reciprocity : Democracies respect agreements & trust each other more
  • Economic : Democracies trade more among themselves, reducing the likelihood of conflict
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13
Q

What is Doyle’s contribution to Republican Liberalism ?

A

Emphasizes that democracy leads to peace through 3 elements :
- Domestic political cultures based on peaceful conflict resolution
- Common moral values, forming a “pacific union” among democracies
- Strengthened peace through economic cooperation & interdependence

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14
Q

What questions are raised by the Democratic Peace Theory 2.0 ?

A
  • How to expand the zone of peace & spread liberal ideals ?
  • Is it right to export or impose democracy through war (e.g., Iraq invasion 2003) ?
  • The idea that the world is divided into democratic (zones of peace) & non-democratic (zones of conflict) countries
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15
Q

How has the rise of China challenged liberalism ?

A

Raised disputes over :
- Democratic dividend (economic) : questioning whether economic growth leads to democracy
- Democratic legitimacy (political) : contrasting China’s focus on welfare vs. Western emphasis on rights
- The concept of the Beijing consensus & authoritarian resilience as an alternative to liberal democratic models

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16
Q

What is collective security ?

A
  • Each state accepts that the security of one concerns all & agrees to join a collective response to any aggression
  • It can escape the vicious circle of the realist security dilemma by fostering cooperation
  • It benefits small & medium-sized powers & requires non-aggression, collective response to aggression & a shared interpretation of liability
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17
Q

How are global public goods addressed in IR ?

A

In the absence of a world government, global public goods are managed through :
- Collective security
- International law
- International institutions & regimes
- Intergovernmental organizations (IOs)
- Global governance & supranational integration

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18
Q

What is the Theory of Interdependence ?

A
  • IR are influenced by trans-governmental & trans-national dynamics
  • Interdependence means one actor’s decisions affect others & can be political, economic, or social
  • It can be symmetrical or asymmetrical, promoting cooperation (liberal view) or creating vulnerability (realist view)
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19
Q

What is the Theory of Complex Interdependence ?

A

According to Keohane and Nye (1977), Complex Interdependence involves :
- Multiple channels of interaction beyond just state-to-state
- No hierarchy among issues (security is not always the top priority)
- Reduced importance of military power, leading to an overlap between domestic & foreign politics & the marginalization of military might in international affairs

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20
Q

How does Realism differ from Complex Interdependence ?

A
  • Realism emphasizes military security, state power & high politics, with states focusing on short-term, relative gains
  • Complex Interdependence focuses on various goals, the manipulation of interdependence & the significant role of international organizations (IOs), emphasizing long-term, absolute gains
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21
Q

What is the Theory of (Neo-)Liberal Institutionalism ?

A
  • International cooperation offers benefits & drives European integration - Functionalism & neo-functionalism (Mitrany & Haas) highlight the role of IOs, non-state actors, integration & interdependence in fostering cooperation
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22
Q

What is the “neo-neo synthesis” of the 1980s ?

A

Refers to the convergence of Neo-liberalism & Neo-realism :
- Both view states as rational actors in an anarchic system but differ in emphasis
- Neo-liberals prioritize low politics, absolute gains & cooperation, while neo-realists focus on high politics, relative gains & survival

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23
Q

What are the different types of international institutions ?

A
  • Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
  • International regimes
  • Global governance structures
  • Supranational integration or world government
24
Q

How do Intergovernmental Organizations (IOs) function ?

A
  • Individual level : Socializing norms
  • State level : Providing arenas for foreign politics & information dissemination
  • International level : Promoting peaceful cooperation
    -> They play a major role in mixed-interest situations but face criticism from Realists & Marxists
25
Q

What is an International Regime ?

A
  • Implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules & decision-making procedures that shape actors’ expectations in a given area (Krasner 1983)
  • They may exist independently of formal organizations & can survive the decline of a hegemon
26
Q

Give examples of International Regimes

A
  • The Non-Proliferation Regime
  • The Human Rights Regime
  • The Bretton Woods System
  • The Regime for Missile Technology Control (MTCR)
  • UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)
27
Q

How do International Relations function as social institutions ?

A
  • Providing principles, norms, rules, procedures & programs that regulate interactions among actors in specific thematic areas
  • These regimes foster recognized social practices in international society
27
Q

What is the relationship between Realism & Complex Interdependence regarding the role of IOs ?

A
  • Realism : IOs play a minor role, with state power remaining central
  • Complex Interdependence : IOs play a major role, setting agendas, fostering coalitions & empowering weaker states to challenge great powers
27
Q

What is Liberalism ?

A

An approach that emphasizes cooperation, interdependence & the role of international institutions
-> Liberalists believe :
- Multiple actors (states, IOs, NGOs, MNCs) shape IR, not just states
- Individuals & private groups drive interests & influence state behavior
- The state is not a monolithic, unitary actor but represents various societal interests
- IR can be managed through cooperation, shared norms & democratic governance, rather than conflict & power struggles

28
Q

What is Sociological Liberalism focused on in international relations ?

A

Transnational relations & complex interdependence

29
Q

Which scholars are associated with Interdependence Liberalism ?

A

Keohane & Nye (1970s)

30
Q

What does Interdependence Liberalism emphasize ?

A

The interconnectedness & mutual reliance between nations in areas such as trade, environment & communication

31
Q

What does Institutional Liberalism focus on ?

A

The role of international institutions in facilitating cooperation between states

32
Q

ho is a key scholar of Neo-liberal Institutionalism ?

A

Robert Keohane (1980s)

33
Q

What theory is central to Republican Liberalism ?

A

The Democratic Peace Theory

34
Q

What does the Democratic Peace Theory propose ?

A

Democracies are less likely to go to war with each other

35
Q

Which scholars are associated with the Democratic Peace Theory ?

A

Doyle & Russett (from the 1970s onward)

36
Q

Which scholar is linked to the concept of Global Governance ?

A

Rosenau, Slaughter & Zürn (1990s)

37
Q

Who discussed the concept of World Order/USA in the 1990s ?

A

Ikenberry & (possibly) Fukuyama

38
Q

What is the process of integration in IR ?

A

The creation of an ever-closer union among states, moving toward supranational institutions & potentially a single world government

39
Q

What are the two models of integration ?

A

Federalism & Functionalism (inter-gouvernmentalism)

40
Q

What is Federalism in the context of international integration ?

A

A political system where power is divided between central & state governments, with citizens subject to two levels of authority

41
Q

Who is the key proponent of Functionalism in IR ?

A

David Mitrany (1888-1975)

42
Q

What is the basic idea of Functionalism ?

A

Cooperation in technical and economic sectors can lead to political integration over time

43
Q

What is one of the main criticisms of Functionalism ?

A

It assumes politics can be managed through technocratic solutions, overlooking the role of political values and ideologies

44
Q

What does Neo-Functionalism add to Functionalism ?

A

It reintroduces politics into the process of integration and emphasizes the concept of “spillover”

45
Q

Who is the main proponent of Neo-Functionalism ?

A

Ernst Haas (1924–2003)

46
Q

What is the “spillover” effect in Neo-Functionalism ?

A

Economic integration in one sector creates a functional dynamic that leads to expansion into other sectors, eventually leading to political integration

47
Q

What are the main similarities between Functionalism & Neo-Functionalism ?

A

Both share the dichotomy between functional and political integration & the goal of peace & socio-economic welfare

48
Q

What are the main differences between Functionalism & Neo-Functionalism ?

A

Neo-functionalists aim for a supranational federation and acknowledge that the spillover effect is not automatic

49
Q

What are the four types of international institutions ?

A
  • Intergovernmental Organizations
  • International Regimes
  • Global Governance
  • Supranational Integration/World Government
50
Q

What is Global Governance ?

A

A system of regulatory mechanisms created by networks in an interdependent world without a single authoritative body

51
Q

What makes Global Governance unique ?

A

It is a continuous, multilevel process that involves global, regional, national & local levels

52
Q

Name some examples of global governance organizations

A
  • International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
  • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
  • Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
53
Q

What is the “Democratic Trilemma” proposed by Dani Rodrik (2011) ?

A

Policymakers face a choice between globalization, democracy & national sovereignty, but they can only fully achieve two of the three

54
Q

What are some liberal approaches to achieving peace ?

A

Multilateral conflict resolution, strengthening international law, promoting democratic governance, and encouraging global and regional integration

55
Q

What are some common critiques of Liberalism in international relations ?

A
  • Limited feasibility
  • Neglecting material conditions for peace & order
  • The notion that it is based on Western ideology.

International Relations (5 decks)

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