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Ecology Test 5 > Lecture 3; HUman impacts on freshwater systems > Flashcards

Lecture 3; HUman impacts on freshwater systems Flashcards

1
Q

Name some threats to freshwater systems (4)

A
  • demands for water and energy
  • demand for space
  • pollution
  • exploitation of species
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2
Q

What are the main uses of water?

A
  • public and private water supply
  • agricultural
  • electricity
  • fish farming
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3
Q

What are the reasons for channel modification?

A
  • flood control
  • navigation
  • urbanization
  • relocation
  • prevention of erosion
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4
Q

How do modified channels vary from natural channels in shape and size?

A
  • straightened
  • shortened
  • increased slope
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5
Q

How do modified channels vary from natural channels in riffle/pool structure?

A

loss of riffle/pool structure

- mainly shallow riffle run

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6
Q

How do modified channels vary from natural channels in the banks?

A
  • reduced erosion/deposition

- loss of undercut banks

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7
Q

How does modifying channels affect the diversity of species?

A

loss of heterogeneity of habitats, more simple systems so a lack of species diversity

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8
Q

What is water pollution?

A

a contaminant of river water that causes potential harm to human health or well-being

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9
Q

Name the 4 main sources of river pollutants

A
  • urban wastewater
  • agricultural wastes
  • industrial wastes
  • transport systems
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10
Q

Name some organism compounds which act as substrate for microorganisms?

A
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
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11
Q

What is the standard test to determine amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms in decomposing organic matter?

A
  • oxygen consumed over a 5 day period at 20C
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12
Q

why is it tested over a 5 dya period?

A

it take 5 days for water to travel from headwaters to the sources

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13
Q

what is CSO and when does it occur?

A

a combined sewer overflow when there is heavy rainfall, sewers go over the capcity and flow directly into river system

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14
Q

BOD?

A

Biological oxygen demand

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15
Q

what is the BOD of natural rivers?

A

<10mg/l

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16
Q

what is the BOD of raw sewage?

A

200-800 mg/l

17
Q

what is BOD of treated sewage?

A

10-50 mg/l (not a problem)

18
Q

Name 3 sources of organic waste?

A
  • domestic sewage
  • industrial;
  • agricultural
19
Q

impact of the breakdown of organic material?

A
  • reduction in DO
20
Q

what does the reduction of DO due to breakdown of organic material depend on?

A
  • BOD of discharge
  • BOD of receiving river water
  • dilution
  • temperature
21
Q

what is the effect of a loss of riparian zone in modified channels?

A
  • reduced CPOM & woody debris
  • reduced cover for fish
  • reduced shade (more variable temperatures)
22
Q

Overall effects of river modification?

A
  • loss of heterogeneity
  • extremes of flow
  • increased sediment inputs
  • extreme temperature regime
23
Q

what is outfall?

A

The discharge point of a waste stream into a body of stream

24
Q

physical impacts of sewage outfall on sedimentation?

A

sediments increase, then gradually decline as they settle out downstream

25
Q

impacts of sewage outfall on BDO?

A
  • gradually decline as material is gradually broken down by microbial action
26
Q

Chemical impacts of outfall?

A

-anoxic conditions
- increase in ammonium
- oxidises to nitate
phosphate also gradually decrease downstream

27
Q

what compounds are released if oxygen levels reduces to zero?

A
  • methane and hydrogen sulphate produced through anaerobic activity
28
Q

Order of organisms to appear in outfall of a river?

A
  • sewage Fungus
  • algae
  • macrophytes
  • invertebrates
  • fish
29
Q

what is the super sewer under London’s rivers?

A

aims to divert the sewage overflow out of the river and into a long tunnel, beneath the surface.

30
Q

why is recovery from sewage pollution possible?

A 
point source (traceable and treatable)
Breaks down
31
Q

What is BMWP?

A

biological monitoring working party

- a procedure for measuring water quality using families of macroinvertebrates as biological indicators

Ecology Test 5 (3 decks)

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