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ENGR 202 > Lecture 3 - Global warming and Green House Effect > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Global warming and Green House Effect Flashcards

1
Q

What was the purpose of the Kyoto protocol?

A

Industrialized countries will
reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to
the year 1990

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2
Q

What are the 5 Paris Agreement key points?

A
  1. Limit temperature rise ‘well
    below’ 2C
  2. First universal climate agreement
  3. Helping poorer nations
  4. Publishing greenhouse gas reduction
    targets
  5. Carbon neutral by 2050?
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3
Q

What is radiation?

A

Transfer of heat from a warmer body to a cooler body

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4
Q

What’s the purpose of Stefan-Boltzmann equation? (Qmax = σAT^4)

A

Calculate the maximum rate at which energy in the form of heat can be radiated by a body at a given temperature
A is in m^2 and T is in K, Qmax aka heat flow rate

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5
Q

What is a ‘black body’?

A

An object radiating at the maximum rate (Qmax in Stefan-Boltzmann eq)

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6
Q

What is ‘heat flux’?

A

‘q’ expresses radiative energy in terms of the rate/unit of surface area. (q = Qmax/Area = σT^4)

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7
Q

What is ‘albedo’?

A

The reflected fraction of incoming radiation, estimated to be 31% (‘a’)

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8
Q

What is S0(1-a)?

A

Rate of solar energy absorbed (W/m^2)

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9
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

Part of the outgoing radiation is trapped in earth’s atmosphere(greenhouse gases) and absorbed by surface.

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10
Q

What is IPCC?

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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11
Q

Give 3 examples of greenhouse gases?

A

CO2, Methane, Nitrous oxide(N2O)

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12
Q

What happens if more greenhouse gases are added to the atmosphere?

A

Some of the outgoing radiation to space will be absorbed by that gas, resulting in a net decrease of outgoing radiation per unit of area.

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13
Q

What is radiative forcing?

A

Changes in incoming/outgoing radiation (ΔF = Δqout - Δqin)

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14
Q

T/F: The initial concentration of a
greenhouse gas strongly affects the
the magnitude of radiative forcing caused
by an additional increment in
concentration

A

True

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15
Q

T/F: As the concentration grows, each new increment in concentration produces
more additional forcing than the earlier
increments

A

False, it’s less additional forcing

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16
Q

T/F: The total radiative forcing from multiple greenhouse gases can be expressed as an equivalent CO2 concentration that would
produce the same overall forcing.

A

True

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17
Q

What is the climate
sensitivity factor γ?

A

Ratio of the final temperature change Δte to the change in radiative forcing ΔFrad

18
Q

T/F: When burned Carbon is transformed into CO2.

A

True, every 12 g of carbon in
fuel produces 44 g of CO2

19
Q

How to calculate the total mass of CO2 emitted?

A

Need to know the amount of each fossil fuel consumed & the mass fraction of carbon in each fuel type.

20
Q

What are trace metals?

A

Small quantities of metal released by mining to the environment.

21
Q

What are the metals essential for our nutrition?

A

calcium, copper, iron, magnesium,
phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc

22
Q

Nonessential metals are not toxic at low concentrations

A

False

23
Q

List metals that are very toxic at sufficiently high concentrations

A

Lead, Mercury, Arsenic,
Cadmium, Nickel, …

24
Q

What are the toxic effects of lead?

A

Learning and behavioural disorders as well as problems in motor coordination. Lead also attacks the kidneys, the reproductive system, and the hematopoietic system, which is responsible for making blood.

25
Q

What are the toxic effects of Nickel and Chromium?

A

Respiratory cancer and skin disease

26
Q

What are the toxic effects of Cadmium?

A

Kidney failure

27
Q

What are the toxic effects of Mercury?

A

Damage to nervous system and brai

28
Q

What trace metals the atmosphere contains?

A

silicon, aluminum, and iron

29
Q

What is the origin of metals contained in groundwater and surface waters?

A

soil and biota

30
Q

How have human activities increased the amounts of trace metals
in our environment?

A
  • Water draining from mines
  • Airborne levels of cadmium, zinc, and other metals near smelters
  • Food stored in improperly prepared metal containers
31
Q

What are the four exposure routes of trace metals?

A

air, drinking water, food, soil

32
Q

What is the formula to calculate the mass of trace metal absorbed by the body/time?

A

Ai = Ci Ui fi
Ci = concentration of the trace metal in medium
Ui= uptake rate of air, water, food, or soil/dust
fi= fraction of trace metal absorbed by the bloodstream

33
Q

How are airborne particles characterized?

A

aerodynamic diameter

34
Q

Particles with a high density will have an aerodynamic diameter somewhat smaller/greater than their physical diameter.

A

greater

35
Q

Particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 1μm will be carried by …

A

winds

36
Q

What determines the particle distributions?

A

how the particle was formed

37
Q

Which range of aerodynamic diameter is referred to as ‘nuclei mode’?

A

0.02-0.05 μm

38
Q

Are particles in nuclei mode stable?

A

Not very stable

39
Q

What happens to particles in nuclei mode at high concentrations?

A

they collide to form larger particles

40
Q

What is accumulation mode?

A

Eventually they reach a stable size

ENGR 202 (3 decks)

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