Lecture 3 - Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The glucose molecule can exist in an…?

A

Open-chain (acyclic) as well as ring (cyclic) form.

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2
Q

What form is the predominate form of glucose in cells?

A

Cyclic form

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3
Q

The ring-closing reaction can give _____ products, what are they?

A

Two
The two products are denoted alpha and beta depending on the configuration.

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4
Q

Monosaccharides form cyclic structures when?

A

Monosaccharides contain five or more carbon atoms, they form cyclic structures.

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5
Q

Monosaccharides are joined together by __________ (_____) resulting in _____.

A

Dehydration reaction (H2O is removed) ; glycosidic bonds
Note: The glycosidic linkage contains an ether linkage.

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6
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

Polymers of a few sugars.

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7
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Macromolecules ; polymers of hundreds or thousands of sugars.

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8
Q

What is glycogen and starch?

A

Are the storage forms of carbohydrates in animals and plants, respectively.
To store glucose (AKA energy!!)

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9
Q

Amylopectin (starch) : ______ bonds join two chains at a branch point.

A

alpha-1,6

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10
Q

Glycogen: Most residues are joined by _________ bonds.

A

alpha-1,4

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11
Q

Cellulose: Residues are joined by _______ bonds.

A

beta-1,4

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12
Q

In addition of being the major source of energy, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides also play roles in…?

A

Protein folding and act as markers involved in cell recognition and interactions.

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13
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

Protein with carbohydrate attached.

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14
Q

What is a glycolipid?

A

Lipid with carbohydrate attached.

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15
Q

What are the three major roles of lipids?

A

Energy storage, major component of cell membranes, and important in cell signaling as steroid hormones and messenger molecules.

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16
Q

What are lipids primarily made of?
What are their characterisitics?

A

Lipids are molecules primarily made of hydrocarbons.
They are insoluble in water (create balls in the water, hiding from the forces of water) and greasy to the touch.

17
Q

What are the simplest lipids?

A

Fatty acids.

18
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Long hydrocarbon chains (16 or 18 carbons) with a carboxyl group (COO-) at one end.

19
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Have one or more double bonds.

20
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

No double bonds.

21
Q

The hydrocarbon chain in fatty acids are hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

22
Q

Which type of fatty acid is supposed to be healthier?

A

Unsaturated because they’re kinky and don’t like to stick together.

23
Q

What are fatty acids stored as?

A

Stored as fats.
More specifically, triacylglycerols (triglycerides, or fats) : three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule.

24
Q

Fatty acids can be broken down for use in…?

A

Energy-yielding reactions.
They yield >2X the amount of energy as carbs!!! important for animal mobility.

25
Q

Phospholipids are comprised of…?
Describe glycerol phospholipids.

A

Two fatty acids are joined to a polar head group.
Glycerol phospholipids: The fatty acids are bound to glycerol, which is bound to a phosphate group, and often another polar group.

26
Q

Phospholipids are hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Actually, amphipathic, meaning part water-soluble and part water-insoluble.

27
Q

The only non-glycerol phospholipid contains what instead of a glycerol molecule?

A

Serine
The phospholipid is called Sphingomyelin

28
Q

What are some other important amphipathic membrane lipids?

A

Glycolipids: Two hydrocarbon chains and a carbohydrate polar head group (amphipathic).
Cholesterol: Four hydrophobic hydrocarbon rings and a polar hydroxyl (OH) group (amphipathic) - bad for us b/c really big and sticky.