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CNM: Nutrition Year 1 > Lecture 3: Chemistry & Biochemistry I > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Chemistry & Biochemistry I Flashcards

1
Q

What is Chemistry?

A

The science that deals with the composition and properties of elementary forms of matter (gas, liquid, solids).

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2
Q

What is Biochemistry?

A

The chemical and physicochemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms.

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3
Q

What is Matter?

A

Everything around us that has mass and occupies space.

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4
Q

What are Atoms?

A

Small particles that make up matter - the ‘Lego bricks’ that make up everything in our universe.

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5
Q

What are Atoms made of?

A

Electrons, protons and neutrons

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6
Q

What are the ‘Lego bricks’ that make up everything in our universe?

A

Atoms

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7
Q

What do electrons, protons and neutrons make up?

A

Atoms

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8
Q

What is the difference between Chemistry and Biochemistry?

A

Chemistry is concerned with the properties and interactions between elementary forms of matter, gas, liquids, solids. Biochemistry is also concerned with the properties of matter, but only as they relate to living organisms.

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9
Q

What is an element?

A

An element is the most simple of substances, made up of just one type of atom so it cannot be split into simpler substances.

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10
Q

What is a substance made up of just one type of atom so it cannot be split up into simpler substances?

A

An element

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11
Q

What is the element H?

A

Hydrogen

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12
Q

What is the element C?

A

Carbon

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13
Q

What is the element Ca?

A

Calcium

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14
Q

What is the element Mg?

A

Magnesium

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15
Q

What is the chemical symbol for Hydrogen?

A

H

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16
Q

What is the chemical symbol for Carbon?

A

C

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17
Q

What is the chemical symbol for Calcium?

A

Ca

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18
Q

What is the chemical symbol for Magnesium?

A

Mg

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19
Q

There is a finite number of different types of _________ from which we can build things.

A

Atoms

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20
Q

What is the Periodic Table?

A

The Periodic Table is a list of all the currently known elements, arranged in columns and rows that show us which elements share similar reactivity and physical properties.

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21
Q

What is Hydrogen?

A

A natural gas, the most abundant chemical element estimated to contribute to 75% of the universe.

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22
Q

What is Calcium?

A

An alkaline Earth metal, it forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air.

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23
Q

How many elements are normally present in the human body?

A

26

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24
Q

What are the 4 major elements found in the human body?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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25
Q

What percent of the human body do carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen account for?

A

96%

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26
Q

What is Fe?

A

Iron

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27
Q

What is the element abbreviation of iron?

A

Fe

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28
Q

What is a Fe deficiency?

A

An iron deficiency

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29
Q

Every element is made up of _________.

A

Atoms

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30
Q

Each atom is made up of ______________.

A

Subatomic particles - protons, neutrons and electrons

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31
Q

Every element is made up of ________. Each atom is made up of subatomic particles called protons, neutrons and __________.

A

Atoms

Electrons.

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32
Q

What is a subatomic particle?

A

They make up atoms, consisting of protons, neutrons and electrons.

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33
Q

What is an electron?

A

A small particle with a negative charge that is found in all atoms.

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34
Q

What is a proton?

A

A small, positively charged particle of matter found in the atoms of all elements.

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35
Q

What is a neutron?

A

An uncharged subatomic particle that is present in all known atomic nuclei except the hydrogen nucleus

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36
Q

What do protons and neutrons together form?

A

The nucleus of an atom

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37
Q

What forms the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons

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38
Q

Do protons have a positive or negative charge?

A

Positive

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39
Q

Protons have a positive charge and a mass of approximately how many atomic units?

A

1

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40
Q

What charge do neutrons have?

A

None

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41
Q

Neutrons have no charge and a mass of approximately how many atomic units?

A

1

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42
Q

Do electrons have a positive or negative charge?

A

Negative

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43
Q

Electrons ‘buzz’ around the outside of what?

A

The atoms nucleus

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44
Q

What do electrons ‘buzzing’ around the outside of the nucleus create?

A

Electron cloud

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45
Q

How much mass do electrons have?

A

Virtually none

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46
Q

What are negatively charged particles that ‘buzz’ around the outside of a nucleus creating an electron cloud?

A

Electrons

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47
Q

What creates an electron cloud?

A

The electrons ‘buzzing’ around the outside of the nucleus.

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48
Q

What does ‘electron’ mean in Latin?

A

Electric

49
Q

What does ‘neutron’ mean in Latin?

A

Neutral

50
Q

An element will have an equal number of electrons and protons giving an overall neutral charge to what?

A

The atom

51
Q

An element has an equal number of what?

A

Electrons and protons

52
Q

What charge do electrons carry?

A

Negative

53
Q

Why do atoms have a neutral charge?

A

Because they have an equal number of electrons and protons.

54
Q

Electrons move in groups around the nucleus, known as what?

A

Electron shells

55
Q

What are electron shells?

A

Electrons that move around the nucleus in groups

56
Q

What do electrons do within their shells?

A

Pair up

57
Q

When does an atom become reactive?

A

If it’s outer shell isn’t full or it loses an electron

58
Q

What happened to an atom if it’s outer shell isn’t full or if it loses an electron?

A

It becomes reactive

59
Q

In free radicals electrons become what?

A

Unpaired

60
Q

What is a free radical?

A

A type of unstable molecule that is made during normal cell metabolism (chemical changes that take place in a cell). Free radicals can build up in cells and cause damage to other molecules, such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. This damage may increase the risk of cancer and other diseases.

61
Q

In the ‘atoms are like families’ analogy, each ________ is an adult with one child (an electron).

A

Proton

62
Q

In the ‘atoms are like families’ analogy, each ________ is an adult with no children.

A

Neutron

63
Q

In the ‘atoms are like families’ analogy, how many children (electron) does a proton have?

A
64
Q

In the ‘atoms are like families’ analogy where do the adults hang out together?

A

In the centre, the nucleus

65
Q

What are all the chemical properties of an atom down to?

A

It’s number of protons and electrons

66
Q

What adds weight to the atom without significantly changing how it chemically reacts?

A

Neutrons

67
Q

The neutrons just add _________. To the atom; they don’t significantly change how it chemically reacts.

A

Weight

68
Q

What does the number tell us that is assigned to each element on the Periodic Table?

A

It tells us how many protons and therefore, how many electrons each atom has.

69
Q

What is the larger number assigned to each element on the Periodic Table?

A

The mass number (weight in atomic units). It tells us how much the atom weighs so it can be used to work out the number of neutrons.

70
Q

What do electrons weigh?

A

Almost nothing

71
Q

What are the four things listed on an element of the Periodic Table?

A

Atomic number, symbol, name, atomic weight/mass

72
Q

What do all elements in a column of the Periodic Table do?

A

React in a similar way

73
Q

What do all of the elements in the first column of the Periodic Table do?

A

React with water

74
Q

All of the elements in column one of the Periodic Table react with water. What happens the lower down the column you go?

A

The reaction with water becomes more vigorous

75
Q

What is the ‘halogens’?

A

A specific column of elements in the Periodic Table that share similar chemical and physical properties

76
Q

What number column is the ‘halogens’ in the Periodic Table

A

17

77
Q

What do all columns in the Periodic Table share?

A

Similar chemical and physical properties

78
Q

Why is the ‘halogens’ relevant in nutrition?

A

Because of Iodine in thyroid health, iodine is required for synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3 & T4).

79
Q

If other halogens are present in the body e.g. fluoride and chloride what can happen?

A

They can enter the thyroid preventing the formation of T3 and T4, including hypothyroidism

80
Q

What two halogens can potentially stop the formation of T3 and T4 in the thyroid?

A

Fluoride and chloride

81
Q

Where can fluoride be found?

A

Toothpaste, tap water and mouth washes

82
Q

Where can chlorine be found?

A

Swimming pools and chlorinated washed vegetables

83
Q

What is the atomic number of an element?

A

The number of protons

84
Q

What is the mass number of an element?

A

Number of protons + number of neutrons

85
Q

What is the number of neutrons in an element?

A

Mass number (always bigger): atomic number

86
Q

The atomic number is the number of __________ in the nucleus of an atom of that element.

A

Protons

87
Q

The number of protons is _______ to the number of electrons

A

Equal

88
Q

___________ can be found using the atomic weight

A

Neutrons

89
Q

To find the number of __________, simply subtract the atomic number from the atomic weight

A

Neutrons

90
Q

17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
What are the subatomic particles?

A

Chlorine has an atomic number of 17, an atomic mass of 35.45, meaning that an atom of chlorine consists of 17 protons, 17 electrons, and 18 neutrons.

91
Q

26
Fe
Iron
55.845
What are the subatomic particles?

A

55.845 atomic mass units, Protons 26, Neutrons 30, Electrons 26

92
Q

19
K
Potassium
39.0983
What are the subatomic particles?

A

Protons; 19
Neutrons; 20
Electrons; 19

93
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element which have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus

94
Q

In nature there are often different versions of the same atom called ________.

A

Isotopes

95
Q

Isotopes do not affect the chemical activity of the _____ as neutrons have no charge, but it does change the mass.

A

Atom

96
Q

Some (but not all) _________ have such an imbalance of protons (parents) and neutrons in their nucleus that it causes the atom (family) to become unstable.

A

Isotopes

97
Q

What is the cause of radioactivity?

A

An imbalance of of protons and neutrons in the isotopes nucleus that it causes the atom to become unstable

98
Q

What is a PET scan? And what is often injected into the body?

A

An imaging technique used in allopathic medicine. Radioactive isotopes are introduced (often injected) into the body.

99
Q

Some diagnostic techniques in medicine use radioactive tracers which emit ______ rays from within the body.

A

Gamma

100
Q

__________ uses the gamma rays from radioactive isotopes to target rapidly divinising cells. However, this is also highly damaging to healthy tissues.

A

Radiotherapy

101
Q

How does radiotherapy work?

A

It uses gamma rays from radioactive isotopes to target rapidly dividing cells. However, this is also highly damaging to healthy tissues.

102
Q

What does the breath test for H. Pylori use?

A

Urea labelled with either radioactive carbon-14 or non radioactive carbon-13.

103
Q

In the subsequent 10-30 minutes after a H.pylori test the detection of isotope-labelled ___________ in exhaled breath indicates that the urea is split.

A

Carbon dioxide

104
Q

What is the enzyme that H.pylori uses to metabolise urea?

A

Urease

105
Q

What does it mean if urease is present in the stomach?

A

H.pylori is present

106
Q

How do you test for H.pylori?

A

A breath test.

Uses urea levelled with either radioactive carbon-14 or non radioactive carbon-13.

107
Q

How long does it take for a H.pylori breath test to detect isotope-labelled carbon dioxide in exhaled breath?

A

10-30 mins

108
Q

What are the certain numbers electrons like to ‘hang out’ in?

A

2, 8, 8, 8

109
Q

The optimum number of electrons in a shell is a known number, what is it?

A

2, 8, 8, 8

110
Q

How many electrons does the first electron shell have?

A

2

111
Q

What do electrons always want to be in?

A

Pairs

112
Q

All of the reactions that happen in chemistry are driven by _______ trying to end up with a stable and full outer shell either by stealing, giving away, or sharing electrons

A

Atoms

113
Q

What does hydrogen contain?

A

One proton, one electron, no neutrons

114
Q

What is hydrogen referred to in its H+ form?

A

A proton

115
Q

What is a Subatomic Particle?

A

Each atom is made up of subatomic particles called protons, neutrons and electrons (atoms make up elements).

116
Q

What charge do protons have?

A

Positive

117
Q

Protons have a positive charge and a mass of approximately how many atomic units?

A

1

118
Q

What charge do neutrons have?

A

No charge

CNM: Nutrition Year 1 (1 decks)

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