Lecture 3 Cellular Pathology

Question 1

Adaptation

Answer 1

May result in abnormal cell growth

Question 2

Abrnormal cell growth

Answer 2

Such as dysplasia or neoplastic growth

Question 3

Cell death

Answer 3

May occur due to lack of adaptation

Question 4

Healing

Answer 4

Stimulated by a pathological stress (after cell death) such as physical injury, collagen deposition in scar tissue
Scar tissue- form of dysplasia

Question 5

Genetic and immune factors

Answer 5

Affect cell/organ ability to adapt to environmental stresses leading to different susceptibilities to disease

Question 6

What do heat shock proteins (HSPs) do?

Answer 6

Act as chaperones
Protect proteins
Assist refolding
Prevent protein aggregation

Question 7

What does ubiquitin do?

Answer 7

Targets protein for destruction by specific proteases (proteasome)

Question 8

What is apoptosis and what are the 4 stages?

Answer 8

Apoptosis is responsible for elimination of unwanted/damaged cells

4 stages:
1. Induction/signalling - anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2
2. Effector - ‘point of no return’ - mitochondrial permeability
3. Degradation - proteases(caspases) - morphology
4. Phagocytic - cell fragments engulfed and removed

Question 9

Examples of pathological stimuli that cause necrosis

Answer 9

Hypoxia - reduction or absence of normal oxygen supply to an organ

Specific chemical agents - carbon tetracholride or paracetamol

Hypoxia -> death of an area of tissue -> infarction