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PSL301 Flashcards > Lecture 3 and 4 Acquired Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 3 and 4 Acquired Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are features of Acquired Immunity?

A
  • Specificity of antigen
  • Versatility - ready to confront any antigen at any time
  • Memory - “remembers antigens that it has confronted
  • Tolerance - responds to foreign substances but ignores normal tissues
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2
Q

How do B and T lymphocytes have specificity and versatility?

A
  • Each B and T lymphocyte binds to a specific pathogen epitope
  • Specificity also means different receptors per B and T cell
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3
Q

What is the clonal selection, expansion and memory theory?

A

Clonal selection theory is how naive lymphocyte reproduction is favored in strong binding between antigens and lymphocytes which leads to production of antibody secreting plasma cells and memory cells

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4
Q

What is faster, Primary or Secondary immune response

A

Secondary

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5
Q

Where do B and T lymphocytes originate

A
  • Both originate from bone marrow as hematopoietic stem cells
  • T cells undergo positive and negative selection in the thymus
  • B cells undergo positive and negative selection in the bone marrow
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6
Q

How are B cells activated?

A
  1. Antigen binds to specific B cell
  2. Antigen internalized, digested and antigen binds to MHC while internalized
  3. MHC with antigen is then transported to cell surface
  4. Specific helper T cell recognizes antigen and MHC becomes activated secreting cytokines
  5. Activated B cells divide and cytokines help produce plasma cells and memory cells
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7
Q

How do antibodies protect us?

A
  1. Activate B lymphocytes
  2. Acts as opsonin
  3. Causes antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins
  4. Activates antibody dependent cellular activity
  5. Triggers mast cell degranulation
  6. Activates complement
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8
Q

Describe IgG

A
  • Most common type
  • Transferred to placenta from mother to baby
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9
Q

Describe IgM

A
  • First type of antibody to be secreted in response to a new antigen
  • causes antigen clumping and activating complement
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10
Q

Describe IgA

A
  • Crosses epithelial cells
  • Protects epithelial surfaces and present in breast milk
  • Secretions (mucous)
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11
Q

Describe IgE

A
  • Fights parasites
  • Eosinophils have receptors for IgE
  • Release Histamine which damages parasites
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12
Q

Describe IgD

A
  • Role unknown
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13
Q

What are types of humoral immunity?

A
  • Active: B cells are activated -> helps long term
    - Naturally acquired: exposed to pathogen
    - Artificially acquired: vaccination with
    antigen
  • Passive: obtain antibodies but not activating B cells -> helps short term
    - Naturally acquired: breast milk or
    antibodies crossing placenta
    - Artificially acquired: Vaccine with
    antibodies
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14
Q

Describe a Helper T cell

A
  • CD4 positive
  • binds to MHC class II
  • releases cytokines
  • Activates T and B cells
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15
Q

Describe a cytotoxic T cell

A
  • CD8 positive
  • binds to MHC class I
  • Kills infected or cancerous cells
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16
Q

Where are MHC class II located and what types of antigens do they present?

A
  • Dendritic Cells
  • Macrophages
  • B cells
  • Present exogenous antigen (brought from exterior, processed and presented on exterior)
17
Q

Where are MHC class I located and what types of antigens do they present?

A
  • Located on all nucleated cells
  • Present endogenous antigen (antigen produced internally by host cell after infection and presented on exterior)
18
Q

What are the different blood types and what do they contain?

A
  • Type A (anti-B antibodies)
  • Type B (anti-A antibodies)
  • Type AB (neither antibodies)
    (universal acceptor)
  • Type O (both anti-A and anti-B antibodies) (universal donor)
19
Q

What happens if you give a Type B individual Type A blood?

A
  • Agglutination occurs which is clumping of RBCs and hemolysis occurs due to the anti-A antibodies attacking the newly infused Type A blood
20
Q

Describe Rh blood groups

A

Rh blood groups help determine if you have the D antigen, if you are Rh negative, this does not necessarily mean you have anti-D antibodies

21
Q

What happens when a mother who is Rh “-ve” is exposed to Rh “+ve” fetal RBCs?

A
  • The mother’s immune system will activate B cells producing Anti-D antibodies to attack the Rh “+ve” cells.
  • Upon second pregnancy, if the fetus has the same Rh “+ve” RBCs, the new born will have hemolytic disease resulting in anemia, jaundice, enlarged liver and spleen and severe edema.
22
Q

How do you prevent hemolytic disease of a newborn?

A
  • During and following primary pregnancy, inject anti-D antigen antibodies to remove and fetal RBCs in mother’s bloodstream before an immune response can be triggered
  • thus B cells are not activated and no immunological memory of D antigen is acquired

PSL301 Flashcards (11 decks)

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