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Psych 101 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the brain control experience & behavior?

A

neurons which conduct cells of the nervous system

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2
Q

Who did the golgi-stained neurons and what did they figure out?

A
  • Santiago Ramón y Cajal - used a Golgi stain to highlight neurons
  • figured out that the neurons were composed of cell body w/ many threads extending outward to other neurons but thy don’t actually touch
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3
Q

What are the types of neuron cells?

A

Purkinje cell: has an elaborate treelike assemblage of dendrites
Pyramidal cell: have a triangular cell body & a single, long dendrite w/ many smaller dendrites
Bipolar cells: have only one dendrite and a single axon

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4
Q

What are glial cells & what do they do?

A
  • support, nourish, protect
  • surround neurons - hold them in place
  • manufacture nutrient chemicals neurons need
  • absorb toxins & waste materials
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5
Q

concentration gradients vs electrochemical gradients

A

concentration: high conc. to low conc.
electrochemical: membrane of neuron maintains electrical gradients- different charge inside and out - force to balance the charge

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6
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

increase polarization or the difference between the electrical charge of two places (pos to neg)

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7
Q

what is depolarization?

A

decrease polarization towards zero ( neg to pos)

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8
Q

What is the threshold of excitement?

A

level above which any stimulation produces a massive depolarization

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9
Q

what is an action potential?

A

rapid depolarization of neurons - all or none law

- absolute & refractory period

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10
Q

what is the myelin sheath?

A
  • fatty insulation layer derived from glial cells

- increases the rate of signal

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11
Q

what are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A
  • gaps

- signals jump from one gap to the next - regenerate action potential

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12
Q

how do neurons communicate?

A
  • synaptic transmission
  • communicate w/ chemicals
  • synaptic cleft: gap b/w axon terminal and dendrite
  • no physical contact
  • neurotransmitters: chemicals produced by neurons - synthesized inside neurons - stored in vesicles - released by presynaptic neuron - bind to receptor sites in the postsynaptic neuron - specific neurotransmitters bind only to specific sites
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13
Q

What are the two types of effects of neurotransmitters?

A
  • excitatory: depolarize the cell & stimulate the flow of sodium into cells
  • inhibitory: hyperpolarize the cell & stimulates the flow of potassium out or chloride in the cell
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14
Q

what are three ways to deactivate neurotransmitters?

A
  • diffusion: neurotransmitter diffuses away from synapses
  • breakdown: other chemicals in synapse break down neurotransmitters into their components
  • neurotransmitters are taken back into their presynaptic axon terminal
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15
Q

list & explain types of neurotransmitters and what happens if they don’t work

A
  • acetylcholine: control of behaviour, learning& memory - memory loss, convulsions
  • dopamine: voluntary movement, emotion, experiencing pleasure - Parkinson’s disease
  • Norepinephrine: learning, memory, wakefulness, eating - depression, stress &panic disorders
  • GABA: coordinating behaviour, anxiety & motor control - Hungtington’s disease
  • Serotonin: mood, sleep, eating, arousal - depression, sleeping, eating disorders
  • Endorphin: learning & memory, wakefulness, eating - pain insensitivity, pain hypersensitivity
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16
Q

what are three types of neurons?

A
  • sensory: conduct signals/ messages to spinal cord &brain
  • motor: conduct signals/ messages from spinal cord &brain
  • interneurons: connective &associative functions
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17
Q

what are the two parts of the nervous system?

A
  • central: brain & spinal cord

- peripheral connects CNS w/ muscles, glands & sensory receptors

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18
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A
  • part of the peripheral NS

- sensory & motor neurons bind to create nerves - transmit messages to sensory receptors

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19
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • part of the peripheral NS
  • controls glands & smooth muscles in the bodies organs
  • two divisions
    1. sympathetic NS: arouses bodies ‘fight or flight’ rxn
    2. parasympathetic NS: slows down bodies processes
20
Q

How many neurons do you need for senses/ function?

A

3 - sensory, motor, interneurons

21
Q

In the CNS, where do nerves enter/leave?

A

through the spinal cord

22
Q

what structures control behavior?

A

voluntary & involuntary

23
Q

how many hemispheres does the brain have?

A

2 - L&R

24
Q

what did Dr. Wilder Penfield do?

A
  • stimulated parts of the cortex w/ mild electrical current - patients were awake & responses could be recorded
  • in 1934 @ Montreal Neurological Institute
  • mapped multiple areas
  • motor & sensory areas
25
Q

what do electrical recordings (EEG) measure?

A

records the electrical activity of thousands of neurons -some EEG patterns correspond to wakefulness & sleep

26
Q

what does computerized axial tomography (CT scans) do?

A

use x-rays to take pics of narrow slices of the brain - brain image then re-constructed

27
Q

what does position emission tomography (PET scans) do?

A

measures brain activity - blood flow, metabolism, neurotransmitter activity

28
Q

what does magnetic resonance imaging (MRI’s) do?

A

measures response to magnetic pulse (more sensitive than CT or PET) - takes images several mins apart

29
Q

what do functional MRIs (fMRI) do?

A

takes images secs. apart - can image the brain while doing tasks

30
Q

what are the major areas of the brain?

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, cerebral cortex

31
Q

describe the hindbrain

A
  • Medulla: heart rate & respiration, a thoroughfare for sensory info, neurons cross over
  • Pons: regulate sleep, dreaming, respiration
  • Cerebellum: muscular movement (learning & memory)
32
Q

describe the midbrain

A
  • tectum (roof of the midbrain): superior colliculus & inferior colliculus - process sensory info
  • Tegmentum: contains nuclei for cranial nerves & part of the reticular formation
    - ventral tegmentum area: gives rise to the
    dopamine-containing pathway facilitating “reward”
    - substantia nigra: gives rise to the
    dopamine-containing pathway facilitating readiness
    for movement
33
Q

describe the forebrain

A
  • hypothalamus: major role in controlling biological drives
    - manufactures ‘ orexins’ - stimulate eating
    - connection w/ pituitary gland that controls hormones
    - sexual behavior, eating, drinking, aggression, emotion
    - damage can disrupt all these behaviors
  • thalamus: sensory switchboard - routes sensory info to appropriate place (ex. visual to visual centers)
34
Q

what are the 3 C’s of brain anatomy?

A
  • limbic system
  • basal ganglia
  • lateral ventricles
35
Q

describe the limbic system

A
  • hippocampus: forming & retrieving memories
  • amygdala: organizes emotional responses - especially those linked to aggression & fear (can produce emotional responses w/o brain “knowing”)
  • nucleus accumbens: linked to the effects of drugs & abuse - cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, etc. stimulate the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens - linked to rewards such as food, sexually-relevant cues
36
Q

describe the basal ganglia

A
  • movement
  • 5 distinct structures around the thalamus
  • voluntary muscle control - Parkinson’s disease - neurons which supply dopamine degenerate
37
Q

describe the lateral ventricles

A
  • 2 largest cavities of the ventricular system

- contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

38
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A
  • 75% of the area lies within fissures (folds) - provide landmarks for dividing the cortex into major areas
  • 4 lobes:
    • frontal: speech & skeletal motor functions
    • parietal: body sensations
    • occipital: visions
    • temporal:auditory
39
Q

what are the motor & sensory cortex’?

A
  • motor: controls movement on opposite side of the body, controls the movement of over 600 voluntary muscles, located at the rear of the frontal lobe
  • somatic sensory: receives specific sense info from the opposite side of the body, at least one specific area for each sense, located in the parietal lobe
    amount of cortex devoted to body part proportional to the sensitivity of that part - govern opposite side of the body
40
Q

what does the association cortex do?

A

-found in all lobes - involved in higher-level processing - perception, language, thought, agnosia - the inability to identify

41
Q

what does the frontal lobe do?

A
  • planning
  • self-awareness
  • initiative
  • responsibility
  • emotional experience
42
Q

what does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

seat of executive functions, goal-setting, judgment, planning

43
Q

what are the functions of the left and right hemisphere?

A

left: verbal, logical abilities, positive emotions
right: spatial relations, melodies, negative emotions

44
Q

describe the findings of the split-brain experiment:

A
  • sever corpus callosum hemispheres no longer communicate - optic nerve remains intact
  • w/ optic nerve - fibers cross over
  • right visual field: processed in the left hemisphere
  • left visual field: processed in the right hemisphere
45
Q

what is the lateralization of language?

A

90% of ppl are right-handed - 95& have left-hemisphere language dominance
among left-handed ppl - 50% have L hemisphere language dominance, 25% have R hemisphere language dominance, 25% have language functions in both hemispheres

46
Q

what is neural plasticity?

A

change in structure and function

47
Q

can the brain reinvent itself?

A
  • recovery of function - neural reorganization
  • greater plasticity early in life - 1-2yr olds have 50% more synapses than mature adults - unused, weaker synapses deteriorate
  • in adults, surviving neutrons can modify themselves structurally or biochemically

Psych 101 (2 decks)

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