Lecture 3

Question 1

What is a clade?

Answer 1

Monophyletic group

Question 2

What is a monophyletic group and what do they form?

Answer 2

A group that contains its ancestor and all of its descendants, nested sets

Question 3

Who discovered Archaea using phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA?

Answer 3

Carl Woese

Question 4

What are the 3 Domains of life Carl Woese discovered?

Answer 4

Eukaryota

Eubacteria

Archaea

Question 5

Where did Carl Woese collect data from when he discovered Archaea?

Answer 5

Yellowstone National Park

Question 6

What is a new type of life form under Archaea that is not actually bacteria?

Answer 6

Methanobacteria

Question 7

______ is not monophyletic, and Lokiarchaeota are sister to __________.

Answer 7

Archaea is not monophyletic, and Lokiarchaeota are sister to Eukaryotes.

Question 8

What does the latest data reveal about the 3 domains of life?

What is needed to find out about new species?

Answer 8

It may NOT be adequate to explain life’s diversity.

Environmental samples and new phylogenetic analysis

Question 9

What can help us to pinpoint key innovations that are also adaptations linked to diversification of a group?

Answer 9

Phylogeny

Question 10

What do all 3 domains of life contain?

Answer 10

Photosynthetic organisms

Question 11

What are organisms that use sunlight to generate ATP, but do not obtain carbon from CO₂ and do not generate O₂?

Examples?

Answer 11

Photoheterotrophs

Some bacteria, e.g. purple non-sulfur bacteria

Some Archaea, e.g. halophytes

Question 12

What are salt living organisms?

Answer 12

Halophytes

Question 13

What is carbon fixation?

Answer 13

Turning CO2 to glucose

Question 14

What organisms use light to generate ATP for the purpose of carbon fixation and generation of O₂?

Examples? (3)

Answer 14

Photoautotrophs

Bacteria, algae, plants

Question 15

What occurred ~2.5 BYA that aided eukaryotic evolution?

Answer 15

Free oxygen entered the atmosphere

Question 16

What is an example of fossils found after oxygen entered the earth?

Answer 16

Cyanobacteria

Question 17

What drastically influenced the course of evolutionary history on the earth and set the stage for the rise and diversification of eukaryotes?

Answer 17

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Question 18

Oxygen rich atmosphere favored organisms that could withstand and utilize ______.

Answer 18

oxygen

Question 19

Who deleveloped the most vocan and thorough Theory of Endosymbiosis?

Answer 19

Lynn Margulis

Question 20

5 Steps of Endosymbiosis in a Nutshell

1. Start with ___ independent bacteria.
2. One bacterium _______ other.
3. One bacterium now lives _______ other.
4. _____ bacteria ______ from the arrangement.
5. The internal bacteria are _______ on from generation to generation.

Answer 20

5 Steps of Endosymbiosis in a Nutshell

1. Start with 2 independent bacteria.
2. One bacterium engulfs other.
3. One bacterium now lives inside other.
4. Both bacteria benefit from the arrangement.
5. The internal bacteria are passed on from generation to generation.

Question 21

Evolution of _______ and _______ occurs by endosymbiosis

Answer 21

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 22

In endosymbiosis of mitochondria, what cells are the heterotrophic bacterium and which are capable of cellular respiration?

Answer 22

Host cell: Heterotrohic bacterium

New Bacterium: Capable of Cellular Respiration

Question 23

In endosymbiosis of chloroplasts, what type of cells are engulfed and what tupe of cells are engulfing?

Answer 23

Heterotroph w/ mitochondrion engulfs photosynthetic cell (cyanobacterial cell)

Question 24

Primary endosymbiosis produced the first _______ eukaryotes.

________ was engulfed and the chloroplast has __ membranes.

Answer 24

Primary endosymbiosis produced the first photsynthetic eukaryotes.

Cyanobacterium was engulfed and the chloroplast has 2 membranes.