Lecture 3

Question 1

What are the three components of health and wellness?

Answer 1

Biological, social and psychological

Question 2

Why is depression a key disease to understand?

Answer 2

It is second in terms of the global burden of non-communicable diseases
It’s expensive and it makes people kill themselves

Question 3

When is the risk of death due to maltreatment most serious in children?

Answer 3

Risk is three times greater when they are under one than the risk between the ages of 1-4

Question 4

What are the three components of the limbic system?

Answer 4

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus

Question 5

What are the two key types of chemical messengers in the body?

Answer 5

Neurotransmitters-transmit to neurons

Hormones-transmit to organs

Question 6

When was the first clinical observation of parts of the brain affecting behaviour?

Answer 6

Phineas Gage losing his frontal lobe and simultaneously losing his shit

Question 7

What are the symptoms of depression?

Answer 7

Dramatic weight loss or gain
Problems thinking and concentrating
Irritability/restlessness/agitation
Too much or too little sleep
Feelings of hopelessness or helplessness
Thoughts of death or suicide
Isolation from friends and activities

Question 8

Which neurotransmitters are associated with depression?

Answer 8

Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine

Question 9

How is the endocrine system affected by depression?

Answer 9

Circadian rhythms have an influence-people get more depressed in winter
Increased cortisol levels
Decreased levels of testosterone and estrogen

Question 10

What is significant about the brain at birth?

Answer 10

It is closest to its adult size than any other structure and holds 100 to 200 billion neurons- most not yet connected

Question 11

When do the bulk of neural connections form in an infant?

Answer 11

Within the first year

Question 12

What are the consequences of severe neglect and lack of stimulation on a child?

Answer 12

Increased emotional cognitive and behavioural disorders

Greater risk for anxiety, depression, and chronic health disorders later in life

Question 13

What are the components of positive/normal stress?

Answer 13

Moderate short lived stress responses help prepare a child for dealing with stress in life

Question 14

What are the components of tolerable stress?

Answer 14

Serious illness/frightening accident/parental separation

Tolerable if there is parental support present

Question 15

What are the components of toxic stress?

Answer 15

Strong, frequent or prolonged activation of the body’s stress management system
Stressors are chronic, uncontrollable and occur without the support of an adult

Question 16

Which two hormones are released during stress?

Answer 16

Adrenaline

Cortisol

Question 17

What affect does toxic stress have on a child?

Answer 17

Neurons become damaged with fewer connections leading to memory and learning difficulties