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PT-853- Cardiopulmonary > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is important to ask in the patient history?

A
  • presence of chest pain
  • medical treatment sought and its outcome
  • presence of palpitations
  • presence of cardiac risks
  • history of dizziness or syncope
  • previous MI, cardiac studies or procedures
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2
Q

what are some risk factors for cardiovascular system?

A
  • obesity
  • age
  • Hx
  • high cholesterol
  • HTN
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3
Q

What are some causes of dizziness/syncope?

A
  • dehydration
  • low blood sugar
  • low HR
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4
Q

what causes elongation of the heart?

A

pulmonary HTN

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5
Q

What can a chest x-ray reveal?

A
  • masses in lungs
  • can see elongation of heart
  • haze=emphysema/CHF
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6
Q

What heart sound do you hear during S1?

A

mitral and tricuspid closure (ventricular systole)

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7
Q

What heart sound do you hear during S2?

A

aortic and pulmonic areas

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8
Q

What heart sound do you hear during S3?

A

(Ventricular gallop) early rapid diastolic filling of ventricles

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9
Q

What heart sound do you hear during S4?

A

(atrial gallop) ventricular filling due to atrial contraction, low pitched sound heard late in diastole just before S1

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10
Q

what is a summation gallop

A

volume overload (dilated cardiomyopathy)

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11
Q

what are ejection sounds?

A

dilated aortic or pulmonary artery

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12
Q

What are mid systolic clicks

A

MV prolapse

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13
Q

what causes opening snaps?

A

mitral or tricuspid stenosis

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14
Q

What are 2 major goals for the exercise tolerance test?

A

1) detect presence of ischemia (angina)

2) determine functional aerobic capacity

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15
Q

what is the exercise tolerance test (ETT)?

A

examines the ability of the CV system to accommodate to increasing O2 demands (VO2)

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16
Q

What do METs measure?

A

basic O2 requirement at rest

17
Q

What does MET stand for?

A

metabolic equivalents of energy expenditure

18
Q

What does 1 MET equal in O2?

A

1 MET=3.4 ml O2/kg/min

19
Q

What does 1 MET equal in functional terms?

A

1 MET=rest

20
Q

What does the BRUCE protocol start at?

A

begins at 1.7 mph and 10% grade on treadmill at roughly 5 METs

21
Q

what increases as workload increases for all modalities?

A

O2 increases

22
Q

describe positive ETT?

A

there is a point when myocardial oxygen supply is not meeting the demand=ischemia (will get angina)

23
Q

Describe negative ETT?

A

balance between oxygen supply and demand

24
Q

Describe False-negative ETT?

A

ETT is interpreted as negative but there is ischemia

25
Q

Describe False-positive ETT?

A

ETT is interpreted as positive but there is NO ischemia

26
Q

What functional task is at 2 METs?

A

bed exercises (arm exercises in supine or sitting)

27
Q

What functional task is at 4 METs?

A

walking on level surface

28
Q

What functional task is at 6 METs?

A

stair climbing

29
Q

What functional task is at 10 METs?

A

Jogging

30
Q

what is the O2 requirement at 10 METs?

A

3.4(ml/O2/kg/min)x10 METs=34

31
Q

What is the rule of thumb for progressing for Bruce protocol?

A

10 min, if they are able to sustain a pace for around 10 min they can progress maybe at the next visit.

32
Q

when might they do an echocardiogram?

A

with a stress test

33
Q

what is an echocardiogram?

A

use of ultrasound over the heart to see the chambers of the heart

34
Q

What does the Thallium stress test help diagnose?

A
  • extent of a coronary artery blockage
  • prognosis of patients who’ve suffered a heart attack
  • effectiveness of cardiac procedures done to improve circulation in coronary arteries
  • causes of chest pain
  • level of exercise that a patent can safely perform
35
Q

What is a Persantine test?

A

use when a patient is unstable, decondition, unable to ambulate or cycle for stress test

36
Q

what does the Persantine test do?

A

vasodilates the arterioles- as it would as you are exercising

  • coronary aa with atherosclerosis do not dilate
  • can detect areas of decreased blood flow thought imaging

PT-853- Cardiopulmonary (3 decks)

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