Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RDA > Lecture 3 + 4 - 2018 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 + 4 - 2018 Flashcards

1
Q

What is oogensis?

A

Formation and development of the ovum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the follicle made up of?

A

Oocytes and surrounding support cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are follicles located?

A

Near the surface of the ovaries in the cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where do oogonia come from?

A

They develop in the yolk sac and migrate through the embryo into the genital ridges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the maximum no oocytes?

A

6-7million at around 6 months in gestation (when females are babies).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the number of oocytes after birth?

A

Left with 1 million and it rapidly decreases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens with meiosis in the ovary?

A

Following the mitotic divisions (where the large no germ cells are developed in the ovary in gestation) meiosis begins, however it isn’t complete. Meiosis stops just prior to metaphase 1 and at the end of prophase (oogonia now called oocytes).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What makes up the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Ovarian.

2. Uterine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What makes up the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Follicular.
  2. Ovulation.
  3. Luteal.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens following puberty?

A

Waves of ovarian follicles become activated. It takes 85 days from the time of activation of a follicle to when it starts to form an antrum and be capable of ovulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens in the follicular phase (in terms of follicles)?

A

One follicle will dominate over the others in terms of growth. The non-dominant follicles will die - atresia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the levels of follicles?

A
  1. Primordial follicles (developed in fetus).
  2. Primary follicles.
  3. Secondary follicles.
  4. Tertiary follicles.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the primordial follicle?

A

It is an oocyte surrounded by flattened granulosa cells. These tend to develop in nests in the ovarian cortex. After puberty when these primordial cells become activated they become primary follicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the primary follicle?

A

The oocyte is surrounded by cuboidal granulosa cells (single). The granulosa cells start to form projections/connections into the oocyte (two-directional). The zona pellucida will form around the oocyte separating the oocyte from the granulosa cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What receptors do the primary follicle develop?

A

FSH receptors but they are gonadotropin-independent until the antral stage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the secondary follicle?

A

The oocyte is surrounded by multiple layers of granulosa cells. Thecal cells start to develop around the basal lamina (outside granulosa cells: theca externa and theca interna.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the hormonal development in the secondary follicle caused by granulosa cells?

A

The granulosa cells express FSH receptors. Granulosa cells attract FSH, an increase in FSH causes inhibin and AMH to be produced and androgens to be converted to estrogens via aromatisation. Estrogen then stimulates more FSH receptors, hence increase in E2. E2 stimulates TGF-B which acts with FSH to induce follicular growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the hormonal development in the secondary follicle caused by thecal cells?

A

The thecal cells become theca externa and theca interna. These cells produce LH receptors. Theca interna express LH receptors, there is an increase in LH, and more androgen is aromatised to estrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is AMH?

A

Anti-Mullerian Hormone. It is expressed by granulosa cells and indicates follicular reserve. AMH stops more follicles being recruited, thus allowing for the main dominant follicle to be ovulated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the small tertiary follicle?

A

There is evidence of an antrum (small). This is a small hole that has the presence of fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens with the hormones with the small tertiary follicle?

A

FSH is stimulating the granulosa cells and LH is stimulating the theca cells (in particular theca interna). These cells are producing estrogen (using androgens produced before).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the tertiary follicle?

A

There is a large antrum, there is also a structure called the cumulus oophorous (combination of oocyte and granulosa cells).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens in the early follicular phase?

A

Estrogen inhibits GnRH which inhibits FSH and LH, this causes FSH and LH levels to decrease. Estrogen also stimulates FSH receptors which in turn generates more estrogen. FSH induces IGF-1 and its receptors. IGF-1 stimulates growth of theca and androgen synthesis. Estrogenstimulates TGF-B which acts to induce follicular growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens in the late follicular phase?

A

There is a surge in LH and FSH, estrogen goes from negative feedback loop to positive feedback loop. The surge in LH stimulates the granulosa cells to communicate with the oocyte and it continues through meiosis 1 until it arrests again in meiosis 2. The LH peak also induces weakening and rupture of the follicle wall resulting in the expulsion of the oocyte cumulus complex and follicular fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What proteins make up the zona pellucida?

A

ZP-1 (present in primordial follicles). ZP-2 and ZP-3 are added to activated follicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the zona pellucida important for?

A

Filtering normal sperm and in blocking polyspermy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is AMH important?

A

AMH is an indication of follicular development. As women get older their fertility decreases. In reproduction services we are interested in the follicular reserve (the amount of primordial follicles left to develop). we can measure the amount of primordial follicles by measuring AMH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens in ovulation?

A

By the end of the follicular phase (13-14 day) the cumulus oophorous layer of the pre-ovulatory follicle will develop an opening (stigma) and excrete the oocyte. The fimbriae grab the oocyte to allow it to travel down the fallopian tubes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

The cells that made up of the follicle that are left behind (granulosa cells, stromal cells etc.) in the ovary. It is a yellow body that after 2 weeks if fertilisation does not occur it regresses and becomes a corpus albicans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the corpus luteum do?

A

It produces large quantities of steroids - progesterone.

31
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if the woman is not pregnant?

A

It regresses and becomes the corpus albicans, also there is a decrease in progesterone.

32
Q

Summarise the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Day 28 - corpus luteum regresses, estrogen and progesterone levels are low, but there is an increase in FSH and LH.
  2. Day 2/3 - FSH stimulation leads to increased follicular growth.
  3. Day 6/7 - dominant follicle is selected, there is increased estrogen which is produced by increasing granulosa cells of growing follicle.
  4. Day 9/10 - estrogen suppresses FSH (and LH) production in the pituitary (negative feedback).
  5. Day 12 - estrogen levels have rised and have exceeded a threshold concentration. If this is maintained for 36 hours, there is a temporary switch from negative feedback to positive feedback.
  6. Day 12/13 - there is a rise in GnRh thus leading to a LH surge (positive feedback of E2).
  7. Day 14 - LH surge indicates ovulation, and the oocyte is released.
  8. Day 16/17 - corpus luteum develops, progesterone starts to increase.
  9. Day 21 - the elevated progesterone levels inhibit GnRH and lead to decreased FSH and LH (negative feedback).
  10. Day 27 - corpus luteum starts to regress if pregnancy is not achieved.
33
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Fallopian tube - specifically in the ampula.

34
Q

What is the structure of the fallopian tube?

A
  1. Epithelial lining.
  2. Muscular coat (inner circular and outer longitudinal).
  3. serosal coat.
35
Q

Describe the epithelial lining of the fallopian tube?

A
  1. Ciliated (important in transport of oocyte to uterus).

2. Secretory (helpful to sperm and oocyte).

36
Q

From uterus to ovary what are the structures of the fallopian tube?

A
  1. Isthmus.
  2. Ampulla.
  3. Infundibulum.
  4. Fimbria.
37
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on the fallopian tubes?

A

E2 promotes:

  1. Increase in cilia (allows for oocyte to be closer to the cilia).
  2. Increase in secretory activity (the secretion is useful for lubrication for sperm, which helps with motility and nutrition).
  3. Increase in muscular activity.
38
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on the fallopian tube?

A

Progesterone promotes:

  1. Decrease in muscular activity.
  2. Decrease in amount of cilia but increases the beat frequency after estrogen priming.
  3. Decrease in volume of secretions.
39
Q

How long is the uterus?

A

7.5cm.

40
Q

What is the shape of the uterus?

A

Pear shaped, it is also anteverted (inclined forward - top of uterus is facing forward).

41
Q

How much does the non-pregnant uterus hold?

A

10mL.

42
Q

How much does the pregnant uterus hold?

A

5L but can reach up to 20L in multiple pregnancies (twins). This is made up of: baby, amniotic fluid and placenta.

43
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A

Goes from outside to cavity of uterus:

  1. Serosa (peritoneum).
  2. Muscular myometrium.
  3. Inner endometrium.
44
Q

What causes the growth of the uterus in pregnancy?

A

The initial growth of the uterus is partially under the control of estrogen. Growth is largely due to stretching of existing cells rather than proliferation of cells - 50microm in length (non pregnant) to 400-600microm at term.

45
Q

Describe the myometrium of the uterus?

A

It is relatively constant and unaffected by hormonal changes. The myometrium makes up the bulk of the uterine tissue (90%). It is approx. 10mm thick and doesn’t change significantly during the menstrual cycle.

46
Q

What is the function of the myometrium?

A

Forceful expulsion of the fetus at birth.

47
Q

Describe the endometrium of the uterus?

A

Going from the uterine cavity to the myometrium:

  1. Simple columnar epithelium.
  2. Uterine glands,
  3. Functional layer
  4. Basilar layer.
48
Q

Describe the decidua?

A

This is what the endometrium becomes when she is pregnant. The embryo implants completely in the wall of the uterus. In preparation for implantation the endometrium undergoes a decidual reaction.

49
Q

What happens in the decidual reaction?

A

The stroma of the endometrium become oedamatous (accumulation of fluid - pumps and swells up), stromal fibroblasts expand and fill with glycogen (this is an energy source for the embryo - it is secreted by the uterine glands).

50
Q

What happens to the endometrium throughout the uterine cycle?

A
  1. Menses - there is loss of the functional layer of the endometrial tissue i.e. blood is loss.
  2. Proliferative - the tissue starts repairing itself at around day 6-7 post-menses and grows at an incredible rate under the estrogen hormone.
  3. Secretory - the uterine glands become tortuous.
51
Q

What happens to the endometrium throughout the uterine cycle?

A
  1. Menses - there is loss of the functional layer of the endometrial tissue i.e. blood is loss.
  2. Proliferative - the tissue starts repairing itself at around day 6-7 post-menses and grows at an incredible rate under the estrogen hormone.
  3. Secretory - the uterine glands become tortuous and produce substances
52
Q

What do spiral arteries do?

A

These supply blood to the endometrium and placenta (during pregnancy).

53
Q

What happens to the spiral arteries during menses?

A

The terminal segments are lost along with the rest of the functionalis layer of the endometrium.

54
Q

How do the spiral arteries prevent death via blood loss during menses?

A

They spasm - they clamp down and there is necrosis of tissue. This may be associated with cramp.

55
Q

What happens to the spiral arteries during the proliferative phase?

A

The spiral arteries (and glands) grow very rapidly. Because they grow faster than the stromal tissue surrounding them, the arteries develop into spring like coils (hence spiral artery name).

56
Q

Why do the arteries need to be coiled?

A

It allows for stretch, specifically needed for pregnancy.

57
Q

Describe the arteries from the uterus?

A

Uterine artery -> radial artery -> arcuate artery -> spiral artery.

58
Q

What does gland mitoses indicate?

A

Proliferation - this occurs during menstruation (4th day) because repair and breakdown are progressing simultaneously.

59
Q

What does pseudostratification of nuclei indicate?

A

This occurs during the proliferation phase but persists until active secretion begins. It doesn’t start until the glands have involuted during menstruation.

60
Q

What is basal vacuolation?

A

Formation of vacuoles within or adjacent to cells often in basal-cell-basement membrane zone area. It begins approx 36-48 hours following ovulation.

61
Q

What happens at the basal vacuolation stage?

A

The glands have become tortuous, and there is a clear gap at the base of epithelial cells.

62
Q

What is secretion and when does it occur?

A

It occurs around day 15-28 and is the visible secretion in the gland lumen.

63
Q

What is stromal oedema and when does it occur?

A

It occurs in 2 peaks which correlate with oestrogen peaks. This is due to estrogen causing vascular permeability therefore we get stromal oedema.

64
Q

What is leukocyte infiltration and when does it occur?

A

It occurs during menstruation and at the end of the secretory phase. Neutrophils are there to fight off infection whilst bleeding/just prior to.

65
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on the uterus?

A

E2 stimulates:

  1. Epithelial and stromal cell proliferation.
  2. Stromal oedema.
  3. Serous glandular secretion.
  4. Synthesis of intracellular progesterone receptors (estrogen priming).
  5. Myometrial activity.
66
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on the uterus?

A

P4 stimulates:

  1. Thick glandular secretions in the luteal phase (against an estrogen background).
  2. Stromal cell proliferation.
  3. Inhibits myometrial activity.
67
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

It when endometrial tissue lodges outside the uterus. It can cause chronic pelvic pain and is associated with infertility.

68
Q

What are the layers of the cervix?

A
  1. Endocervix.
  2. Transformation zone.
  3. Ectocervix.
69
Q

What is the endocervix made out of?

A
  1. Columnar epithelium.
  2. Glands/crypts.
  3. Fibrous stroma.
  4. Few smooth muscle cells.
70
Q

Describe the transformation zone?

A

It changes repeatedly during each menstruation. There are crypts in here which allow for the storage of sperm. HPV can occur here.

71
Q

What is the ectocervix made out of?

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium.
72
Q

Does cervical mucus change with each cycle?

A

Yes it does - it changes the following:

  • volume
  • viscosity
  • threadability (spinnbarkeit).
73
Q

How does estrogen effect cervical mucus?

A

It increases volume and stimulates clear watery mucous with high threadability (spinnbarkeit) that is receptive to sperm - allows for sperm to penetrate it so that it can reach the fallopian tube.

74
Q

How does progesterone effect cervical mucus?

A

It stimulates a highly viscous and cross linked cervical mucous that is a barrier to sperm penetration.

RDA (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions