Lecture 3: 3-P model

Question 1

What is the 3-P model of workplace learning (Tynjälä)?

Answer 1

Presage: anything related to the learner (prior knowledge, motivation but also learning context)

Presage interpretation: interpretation of the learner, if they believe skills will help them rise at work, this will compared to those who do not believe

Process: activities of workplace learning (either formal or informal)

Product: the learning outcomes

Sociocultural environment: models of work experience, communities of practice, organisational learning

Question 2

What is the difference between workplace learning and T&D?

Answer 2

Workplace learning is informal learning, unplanned and learning as by-product whereas T&D is formal learning, planned and learning as main product

Question 3

What is transfer (Kirkpatrick, 1979)?

Answer 3

Whether participants apply what they learned from the training, have they changed their behaviour?

Question 4

Which four transfer themes does (Bell et al. 2017) mention?

Answer 4

(1) training criteria: easy or complex task?
(2) trainee characteristics: personal characteristics (motivation) are hard to change, only explain why transfer happens or not
(3) training design & delivery: go from passive to active recipient
(4) training context: support and opportunity from supervisor or peers to implement training knowledge

Question 5

What are the most important trainee characteristics that predict transfer of training? (Blume et al., 2010)

Answer 5

(1) Cognitive ability
(2) conscientiousness
(3) voluntary participation
(4) neuroticism
(5) pretraining self-efficacy
(6) motivation to learn
(7) learning goal orientation

Question 6

What does SS/SMC stand for?

Answer 6

Same-source and same-measurement-context: when information measuring the input factors and output factors of transfer are gathered at the same time and leads to a consistent inflation of the relationship examined.

Question 7

What category has the highest relationship with transfer?

Answer 7

(1) Transfer climate: equipment availability, opportunity to practice trained skills, negative or positive feedback when applying newly learnt skills.
(2) (supervisor) support

Question 8

What are open and closed skills?

Answer 8

Closed skills need to be produced identically in the transfer environment

Open skills have multiple ways to act, more difficult to define outcome, can be negative

Question 9

Which effects can a time lag in measurement have?

Answer 9

Depending on when you measure you see different skills. For easy skills you see a high use on usage of new skills after 2 weeks. For difficult skills, 2 weeks might be too soon to measure as they are still practicing.

Question 10

What does Salas et al. (2012)’s system approach consist of?

Answer 10

(1) Before training: conduct training needs analysis and prepare learning climate
(2) During training: enable right trainee mindset, follow appropriate instructional principles, use technology wisely
(3) After training: Ensure transfer of training and evaluate training