Lecture 3

Question 1

What is a measurement error?

Answer 1

• error from the process of measurement (reaction time, classification errors, precision, etc.)

-Can be random or systematic

Question 2

What is a sample error?

Answer 2

• difference between sample statistic and the population parameter (e.g. sample mean – population mean)
• Due to the fact that a finite sample is being measured
• Converges on zero with increasing sample size

Question 3

What is a type I error?

Answer 3

• Rejecting null when you shouldnt
• p-values (α) measure type I error probability
• Type I error inflated by pooling (multiple samples for one observation) and multiple statistical tests

Question 4

What is a type II error?

Answer 4

• Failing to reject the null when you should
• power (1-β) measures type II error probability
• Type II error inflated by high measurement error, obscuring variables, small sample sizes

Question 5

Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)

Answer 5

• Quantifies how much variation in the total data set is explained by different treatments while controlling for other factors.

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Question 6

ANCOVA vs ANOVA

Answer 6

Main difference: ANCOVA’s ability to control for the effects of certain continuous variables, known as covariates, which aren’t accounted for in an ANOVA, providing a more accurate comparison of group means

Question 7

When to use non parametric statistics

Answer 7

Appropriate for situations where sample sizes are small
Less powerful than parametric statistics
Usually convert data to rank orders

Question 8

Definition of evolution

Answer 8

Change over time in the proportion of individuals differing genetically in one or more traits

Question 9

Examples of physiological adaptation

Answer 9

• Adjustment of the pupil and retina to varying degrees of illumination.
• A property of certain receptors through which they become less responsive or cease to respond to repeated or continued stimuli of constant intensity.
• The dynamic process in which the behavior and physiological mechanisms of an individual continually change to adjust to variations in living conditions

Question 10

Examples evolutionary adaptation

Answer 10

• The acquisition of modifications in an organism that enable it to adjust to life in a new environment.
• An advantageous change in the function or constitution of an organ or tissue to meet new physiological conditions

Question 11

Definition evolutionary adaptation

Answer 11

A process of genetic change in a population whereby, as a result of natural selection, the average state of a character becomes improved with reference to a specific function.

Question 12

Definition Adaptation

Answer 12