Lecture 3

Question 1

What are leukocytes also known as?

Answer 1

White blood cells (WBC)

Colourless, lack hemoglobin, greater in size than RBC

Question 2

What is the main function of leukocytes?

Answer 2

Mobile unit of the body’s immune system.

Made up of leukocytes, their derivatives, variety of plasma proteins, and immune organs

Question 3

What is SCID?

Answer 3

Severe Combined Immune Deficiency

A single mutation in a protein that does not allow the body to make T and B lymphocytes. Individuals cannot protect themselves

Question 4

What are some functions of leukocytes?

Answer 4

1) Distinguish and recognize harmful cells
2) Destroy or neutralize foreign materials
3) Defend against invading microbes
4) Identify and destroy cancer cells
5) Seek out and attack strategy
6) Clean up crew

Removes worn out cells and tissue debris for wound healing and tissue repair

Question 5

What are the types of leukocytes?

Answer 5

1) Neutrophil
2) Eosinophil
3) Basophil
4) Monocytes
5) Lymphocytes

Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocytes, and Lymphocytes are the different types of leukocytes.

Question 6

What are the two types of granulocytes?

Answer 6

1) Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
2) Mononuclear agranulocytes

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes and Mononuclear agranulocytes are the two types of granulocytes.

Question 7

What is the immune cell count for RBC, WBC, and Platelets?

Answer 7

1) RBC - 5 million/mm^3
2) WBC - 7000/mm^3
3) Platelets - 250,000/mm^3

RBC has a count of 5 million/mm^3, WBC has a count of 7000/mm^3, and Platelets have a count of 250,000/mm^3.

Question 8

What are the characteristics of Neutrophils?

Answer 8

• Most abundant nucleated immune cell
• Nucleus with 3 lobes
• Phagocytic specialist
• Engulf and destroy bacteria intracellularly
• Release Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NETS) containing bacteria killing enzymes
• Short-lived

Neutrophils are the most abundant nucleated immune cell with a nucleus having 3 lobes. They are phagocytic specialists that engulf and destroy bacteria intracellularly. Neutrophils release Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NETS) containing bacteria killing enzymes and are short-lived.

Question 9

What are the characteristics of Eosinophils?

Answer 9

• Have affinity towards eosin dye
• Not phagocytotic
• Kill antibody coated parasites through release of granule content
• Help fight parasites like worms
• Nucleus with 2 lobes

Eosinophils have an affinity towards eosin dye and do not phagocytose. They kill antibody coated parasites through the release of granule content and help fight parasites like worms. Eosinophils have a nucleus with 2 lobes.

Question 10

What is the structure of eosinophils?

Answer 10

Nucleus with 2 lobes

Question 11

What is associated with an increase in circulating eosinophils?

Answer 11

Allergic conditions like asthma and hay fever

Internal parasite infestations like worms
Attatch to worm and secrete substances to kill it.

Question 12

What do basophils synthesize, store, and release?

Answer 12

Histamine = release is important in allergic conditions
Heparin = speed removal of fat particles from the blood after a fatty meal

Chemotactic factor production

Question 13

What is the characteristic of mononuclear agranulocytes?

Answer 13

Single nucleus
Cells lacking granules

Question 14

What are the functions of Monocytes?

Answer 14

Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Cytokine production
cytotoxicity

O7 what are the functions?

Question 15

What do cytokines do?

Answer 15

They are released to attract immune cells to site of infection.
Also activate and alert the entire immune system

Ost what do cytokines do ?

Question 16

What are tissue resident macrophages?

Answer 16

macro= large phages = eater
Have receptors to sense invading microorgarism
Secrete cytokines/ chemokenes (subgroup of cytokurs)
They will recruit neutrophils and other immune cells.

89 what are tissue resident macrophages?

Question 17

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

Answer 17

Large granular lymphocytes and smaller lymphocytes of adaptive immune response

Large granular lymphocytes are natural killer cells and part of the innate immune response. Smaller lymphocytes of adaptive immune response have functions such as cytokine production, antigen recognition, antibody production, memory, and cytotoxicity.

Question 18

What are the functions of B-lymphocytes?

Answer 18

B-lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity, produce antibodies as plasma cells, and respond to antibody-mediated immunity

None

Question 19

What are the functions of T-lymphocytes?

Answer 19

T-lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity, do not produce antibodies, and directly destroy specific target cells by releasing chemicals

Target cells include body cells invaded by viruses & bacteria.

Question 20

Where do all body cells ultimately originate from?

Answer 20

Undifferentiated pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow.

Example sentence: All body cells ultimately originate from the same undifferentiated pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells.

Question 21

Where are granulocytes and monocytes produced?

Answer 21

Bone marrow.

Example sentence: Granulocytes and monocytes are produced only in bone marrow.

Question 22

How are new lymphocytes produced?

Answer 22

Via cell division by lymphocytes already in lymphoid tissue such as lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils.

Example sentence: New lymphocytes are produced via cell division by lymphocytes already in lymphoid tissue.

Question 23

Do the total number of white blood cells and percentage vary?

Answer 23

Yes, considerably as you meet changing defense needs.

Example sentence: Total number of white blood cells and percentage vary considerably as you meet changing defense needs.