Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are traditional assumptions of sex and gender binaries?
Traditional views on sex and gender assume there are only two sexes (male and female) and that sex always matches gender identity, overlooking non-binary and intersex people.
What is the difference between cisgender and transgender identities?
Cisgender people have a gender identity that matches their birth-assigned sex, while transgender people have a gender identity that differs from it.
How is gender expression different from gender identity?
Gender expression is how a person externally presents their gender (e.g., through clothing or behavior), which may not necessarily align with their gender identity or societal expectations.
What are some factors outside a person’s control that can impact when or if they can transition?
- Cost
- Accessibility
- Time for recovery
- Lack of social support
- Social/political climate
What are the theories of cause for sexual orientation, and how does concealment affect individuals?
Sexual orientation is influenced by a combination of
- genetic
- hormonal
- choice
- religious factors Concealment of one’s identity can lead to stress, anxiety, and negative health outcomes.
What does the Minority Stress Theory by Dr. Ilan Meyer highlight about marginalized identities?
It highlights that living with a marginalized identity introduces additional social stressors that can negatively affect mental and physical health
What is the difference between distal and proximal minority stress in the Minority Stress Theory?
Distal minority stress involves external factors like prejudice and discrimination, while proximal minority stress refers to internalized self-stigma, which leads to increased stigma awareness and concealment.
What does the psychoanalytic theory suggest about gender development?
The psychoanalytic theory, as proposed by Freud, suggests that gender development is controlled by unconscious forces, where genitalia determine sex differences, and the male sex is considered superior.
How did Karen Horney criticize Freud’s theories?
Karen Horney argued that power inequalities, not biology, cause the differences between sexes, and that women envy the power afforded to men, not their penis.
What did Nancy Chodorow argue regarding gender development?
Nancy Chodorow emphasized that family structure and labor division produce gendered personalities, where boys separate from mothers, and girls develop emotional intimacy.
How do behavioral and social learning theories explain gender socialization?
Behavioral theories focus on environmental influences through reinforcement and punishment, while social learning theories emphasize learning gender roles by observing others, often same-sex parents or peers.
What are cognitive development and gender schema theories about?
Cognitive development theories suggest children self-socialize and learn gender roles based on phenotypes, while gender schema theory states that children develop fixed ideas about gender behavior by preschool age.
What do social construction theories argue about gender?
Social construction theories argue that gender is constructed, varies over time and across cultures, and is shaped by societal structures like capitalism, patriarchy, and religion.
What are the main sources of gender socialization?
Parents, peers, media, toys, and schools all play a role in gender socialization, encouraging and reinforcing gender norms through different channels and activities.
