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Rachel Microbiology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structure

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1
Q

True or false: Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles

A

True

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Aka cytosol; a semifluid material inside the cell membrane. Makes up the majority of the cell

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3
Q

What is cytoplasm made of?

A

70-80% water; mix of organic ions, solutes, free amino acids, carbohydrates, proteins

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4
Q

What type of reactions take place in the cytoplasm?

A

Enzymatic reactions- since prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, most biochemical reactions occur in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Nucleoid

A

Region where prokaryotic DNA is organized into a single, circular chromosome. This region also contains some RNA and proteins

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6
Q

Which form of DNA is essential for viability of bacteria?

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

Plasmids

A

Extra chromosomal DNA elements that are smaller than chromosomes. These can replicate on their own, so can be passed onto daughter cells. Used in genetic engineering

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8
Q

What is the purpose of plasmids in bacteria?

A

Enhances virulence of certain bacteria, can mediate antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals

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9
Q

True/ false: Plasmids are essential for viability of bacteria

A

FALSE

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

made of RNA and protein (ribonucleoprotein complex)

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11
Q

How do ribosomes build proteins?

A

They link amino acids (site of translation of mRNA into proteins)

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12
Q

What are the two subunits of Prokaryotic 70S ribosomes?

A

1) Large subunit (50S)
2) Small subunit (30S)

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13
Q

True/ False: Ribosome function is essential for cell viability.

A

True

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14
Q

What is an effective target for antibiotics?

A

Bacterial ribosomes, since these are essential for cell viability.

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15
Q

Some bacterial species make BLANK to survive harsh conditions.

A

Endospores

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16
Q

Endospores

A

Aka bacterial spores, these are metabolically inactive structures that allow certain cells to enter a dormant state

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17
Q

Characteristics of endospores

A

Highly resistant to environmental stresses such as starvation, heat, drying, radiation

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18
Q

When conditions become favorable, what happens to spores?

A

They germinate back into vegetative cells

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19
Q

Sporulation

A

The process of forming an endospore

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20
Q

What are the 2 clinically important spore-forming bacteria genera?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

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21
Q

Examples of medically relevant species that make endospores

A

clostridium tetani (tetanus), clostridium botulinum (botulism), clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene), clostridium difficile (severe diarrhea), bacillus anthraces (anthrax)

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22
Q

True/ false: Endospores survive for extended periods on surfaces, even in healthcare facilities

A

True

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23
Q

Intracellular structures exist within the confines of what:

A

Plasma membrane

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24
Q

Prokaryotic cytoskeleton

A

Made of proteins that resemble eukaryotic actin and tubular; this aids in cell organization, coordinates cell division, and supports cell shape

25
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

Used by prokaryotes to store enzymes, iron, glycogen, and poly-B-hydroxybutyrate

26
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Series of sequential, cell-merging events between an ancient eukaryotic ancestor and certain prokaryotes

27
Q

What two organelles support the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Chloroplast and mitochondria

28
Q

What did mitochondria evolve from?

A

engulfed non-photosynthetic prokaryotes

29
Q

What did chloroplast evolve from?

A

Engulfed photosynthetic prokaryote (e.g. cyanobacterium)

30
Q

Abundant evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory, with mitochondria and chloroplasts having…

A

their own circular DNA, 70S ribosomes (similar to bacteria), double-membrane structures, similar size to bacteria, ability to replicate by a process similar to binary fission, genes resembling certain bacterial genes

31
Q

All eukaryotic cells have a BLANK that acts as a selective barrier.

A

Plasma membrane

32
Q

Structure of eukaryotic plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer with many sterols- eg cholesterol to regulate membrane fluidity

33
Q

True/ False: All eukaryotes have a cell wall

A

False: only fungi, plants, and certain protists have cell walls

34
Q

What are cell walls made of?

A

Chitin or cellulose polymers, these do not have peptidoglycan!

35
Q

Nucleus

A

Double membraned organelle housing the nucleic acids of the cell. This is where DNA is converted to RNA (transcription)

36
Q

How/ where is DNA organized in eukaryotic nucleus?

A

DNA organized as chromatin in the nucleoplasm

37
Q

Where is RNA found?

A

In the dense area of the nucleus called the nucleolus

38
Q

Process where DNA is turned to RNA

A

Transcription

39
Q

How is RNA able to be transported to the cytoplasm?

A

Through a pore in the nuclear envelope

40
Q

Ribosomes (eukaryotes)

A

Essential for making proteins. Made of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). 80S

41
Q

What are the components of the eukaryotic ribosome?

A

These are 80S: made up of a small subunit (the 40S subunit) and a large subunit (the 60S subunit)

42
Q

Do eukaryotic ribosomes have a membrane?

A

They can be free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

Eukaryotic flagella

A

Made of tubular, have a wavelike, back and forth motion

44
Q

Eukaryotic cilia

A

Structurally similar to flagella, but they are much shorter and more numerous

45
Q

Membrane bound organelles

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria

46
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Series of tubes/tunnels linked with nucleus

47
Q

Rough ER

A

Studded with ribosomes, site of protein modification

48
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes, lipid production and detoxification

49
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Series of disc-like flattened sacs, modifies cellular proteins, builds lipids, sorts and distributes finished products (post-office of the cell)

50
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double-membraned smooth outer membrane, inner membrane with lots of folds (Cristae), makes adenosine triphosphate (ATP, energy molecule) and site of respiration (where oxygen is used)

51
Q

True/ false: All cells have a plasma membrane

A

True

52
Q

Animal cell membranes are made of what:

A

Cholesterol

53
Q

Plant cell membranes are made of what:

A

phytosterols and low levels of cholesterol

54
Q

Fungi/ protist cell membranes are made of?

A

A wide variety of sterols, key is ergosterol

55
Q

What has cell walls?

A

Eukaryotes only, like plants, fungi, and some protists. Animal cells do not have cell walls.

56
Q

What direction do eukaryotic flagella move in?

A

back-and-forth wave-like motion

57
Q

What direction do cilia move in

A

oar-like motion

58
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Rachel Microbiology (2 decks)

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